The starting point. Birth certificate naming both parents (redacted for privacy) [BELL-01 / SAR_31].
","s":"Alexander Timothy Bell was born in 1997 in Cincinnati. His birth certificate names both of his parents, and it is the record from which this family history begins — every number on this chart is counted outward from him. He is pictured here at twenty-eight.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/photos-bell-alexander-timothy-2025-2026-portrait-aged-28.jpg","c":"Alexander Timothy Bell at twenty-eight","w":"The person this whole chart is measured from, photographed in his twenty-eighth year — the near end of a line of faces that reaches back to three children in a Paterson studio in 1903."},{"u":"img/photos-bell-family-group-c2000-2001-spring-three-generations-with-robert-lee-bell-sr.jpg","c":"Three generations in a spring yard, about 2000–01","w":"Robert Lee Bell Sr. with his son, his daughter-in-law and his two grandsons under a budding tree — the last known photograph of him, and the only one showing him with the family he had once left."}],"ev":[{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-31-birthcertificate-1997-alexander-timothy-bell-redacted.jpg","c":"Birth certificate of Alexander Timothy Bell, 1997 (redacted)","w":"The record this whole family history is counted from. Everything but the name and the year has been blacked out, because he is living."}],"fl":[],"rd":1},"2":{"n":"Robert Lee Bell Jr.","d":"b. 1961, Birmingham","g":"ok","x":"Father. Married 1992. Source of MEMORY-02, which reconstructed the whole 1940 Bell household from memory and named “Ms Blevon.”
","s":"Robert Lee Bell Jr. was born in 1961 in Birmingham, Alabama, and married in 1992. His own memory of the family, carefully recorded, helped reconstruct the 1940 Bell household and preserved the name \"Ms Blevon\" — a thread that later research traced back several generations. The earliest photograph of him is from the weeks after his birth, in the arms of his grandmother Margaret.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/photos-bell-margaret-beatrice-eaken-holding-her-infant-grandson-robert-lee-bell-jr-1961.jpg","c":"Margaret Beatrice Eaken with her newborn grandson, 1961","w":"Margaret at fifty-three, in a white summer dress, holding Alec's father in the weeks after his birth in July 1961 — the earliest photograph of him and only the second of her."},{"u":"img/photos-bell-robert-lee-jr-c1977-1979-school-portrait.jpg","c":"Robert Lee Bell Jr., school portrait, late 1970s","w":"Alec's father as a teenager in Birmingham, about sixteen or seventeen."},{"u":"img/photos-bell-robert-lee-jr-c1986-1990-at-a-pharmacy-career-fair-superx-booth.jpg","c":"Robert Lee Bell Jr. at a pharmacy career fair, late 1980s","w":"Alec's father in a dark suit at a recruiting booth, going over a student-loan brochure with a candidate — a press photograph from his working life."},{"u":"img/photos-bell-family-group-c2000-2001-spring-three-generations-with-robert-lee-bell-sr.jpg","c":"Three generations in a spring yard, about 2000–01","w":"Robert Lee Bell Sr. with his son, his daughter-in-law and his two grandsons under a budding tree — the last known photograph of him, and the only one showing him with the family he had once left."}],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":1},"3":{"n":"Cynthia Katharine Tuttle","d":"b. 1959, Evanston IL","g":"ok","x":"Mother. Birth certificate [FROST-02 / SAR_38]. Her photo album and her memory of her grandmother solved the Velma Roush wall that every archive had failed on.
","s":"Cynthia Katharine Tuttle was born in 1959 in Evanston, Illinois, as shown on her birth certificate. Her family photo album and her own memory of her grandmother proved decisive in later research, resolving a long-standing question about the identity of her grandmother, Velma Roush.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/photos-bell-family-group-c2000-2001-spring-three-generations-with-robert-lee-bell-sr.jpg","c":"Three generations in a spring yard, about 2000–01","w":"Robert Lee Bell Sr. with his son, his daughter-in-law and his two grandsons under a budding tree — the last known photograph of him, and the only one showing him with the family he had once left."}],"ev":[{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-07-obituary-2015-richard-clark-tuttle-legacycom-p1.jpg","c":"Richard Clark Tuttle's obituary, 2015","w":"Richard Clark Tuttle's 2015 obituary names his late wife Judy and his daughter Cindy Bell, directly proving the link to the next generation of the family."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-08-obituary-2015-richard-clark-tuttle-thomasjustin-memorial-p1.jpg","c":"Funeral home obituary for Richard Clark Tuttle","w":"This funeral home version of Richard Clark Tuttle's 2015 obituary adds his birth and death dates and confirms his 56-year marriage to Judy Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-09-obituary-2013-judith-frost-tuttle-thomasjustin-memorial-p1.jpg","c":"Judith Frost Tuttle's obituary, 2013","w":"Judith Frost Tuttle's 2013 obituary names her husband Dick and daughter Cindy Bell, tying Judith firmly into the family two years before Richard's own death."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-38-birthcertificate-1959-cynthia-katharine-tuttle-redacted.jpg","c":"Birth certificate of Cynthia Katharine Tuttle, 1959 (redacted)","w":"The certificate that names her parents and anchors the Tuttle line. Everything but the name and the year has been blacked out, because she is living."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-07-obituary-2015-richard-clark-tuttle-legacycom-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of Richard Clark Tuttle's obituary","w":"This continuing page of the obituary lists Richard Clark Tuttle's grandchildren and his funeral arrangements in Cincinnati."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-08-obituary-2015-richard-clark-tuttle-thomasjustin-memorial-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the funeral home obituary","w":"This continuing page lists Richard Clark Tuttle's children and grandchildren, including daughter Cindy and grandson Alec Bell."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-09-obituary-2013-judith-frost-tuttle-thomasjustin-memorial-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of Judith Frost Tuttle's obituary","w":"This continuing page lists Judith Frost Tuttle's grandchildren and her decades teaching at Indian Hill Schools."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-07-obituary-2015-richard-clark-tuttle-legacycom-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of Richard Clark Tuttle's obituary","w":"This closing page of the obituary finishes the notice for Richard Clark Tuttle, the family's last Terre Haute-born Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-08-obituary-2015-richard-clark-tuttle-thomasjustin-memorial-p3.jpg","c":"Third page with visitation and service details","w":"This closing page gives the visitation and funeral service details for Richard Clark Tuttle at St. Barnabas Episcopal Church in Cincinnati."}],"fl":[],"rd":1},"4":{"n":"Robert Lee Bell Sr.","d":"1935 Atlanta – 2001 Chattanooga","g":"ok","x":"Last known photograph, spring c.2000–01, with his son and grandsons [BELL-75]. Photographed in later life, c.1985–2000 [BELL-74]. Nine years US Air Force, 4 Feb 1957 – 14 Feb 1966, Airman 3rd Class, “Korea, Vietnam.” Buried Chattanooga National Cemetery, Sec. Ma, Site 36. Born in GEORGIA, not Alabama — read off the 1940 census image.
Outstanding: His 1935 Fulton County birth certificate is wanted for a different reason: it names his father’s birthplace. Optional: NPRC personnel file (SF-180).
Named in his mother’s January 1983 obituary as “Robert L. Bell of Mobile, Ala.” [BELL-106] — placing him alive in Mobile that month, and confirming him as her son from a source independent of family memory. His brothers and sister are named beside him: William E. Bell of Clarkston, Ga., John H. Bell of Warner Robins, Ga., and Mrs. Carolyn B. Miller of Birmingham.
","s":"Robert Lee Bell Sr. was born in 1935 in Atlanta, Georgia — the 1940 census, read directly, corrected an old family belief that he was born in Alabama. He served nine years in the United States Air Force, from 4 February 1957 to 14 February 1966, reaching the rank of Airman 3rd Class and serving in Korea and Vietnam. He died in 2001 in Chattanooga and is buried in Chattanooga National Cemetery. Three photographs of him survive from his later years: beside a Tennessee lake in winter, out deep-sea fishing in a straw hat, and a plain portrait in a blue polo shirt. A last one, taken in a spring yard about 2000 or 2001, shows him standing with his son, his daughter-in-law and his two grandsons.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/photos-bell-robert-lee-sr-c1985-2000-deep-sea-fishing-on-a-boat.jpg","c":"Robert Lee Bell Sr. deep-sea fishing","w":"Out on open water in a straw hat and sunglasses with two big-game rods bent behind him — the liveliest picture of him that survives."},{"u":"img/photos-bell-robert-lee-sr-c1990s-beside-a-lake-in-winter.jpg","c":"Robert Lee Bell Sr. beside a lake, 1990s","w":"Standing on a boat ramp in the cold months beside a drawn-down reservoir, most likely one of the Tennessee lakes near Chattanooga where he spent his last years."},{"u":"img/photos-bell-robert-lee-sr-c1990s-portrait-in-a-blue-polo.jpg","c":"Robert Lee Bell Sr., portrait in later life","w":"A plain head-and-shoulders photograph of Alec's grandfather, white-haired and half-smiling, in the last decade or so of his life."},{"u":"img/photos-bell-family-group-c2000-2001-spring-three-generations-with-robert-lee-bell-sr.jpg","c":"Three generations in a spring yard, about 2000–01","w":"Robert Lee Bell Sr. with his son, his daughter-in-law and his two grandsons under a budding tree — the last known photograph of him, and the only one showing him with the family he had once left."}],"ev":[{"u":"img/bell-bell-27-tdoc-robert-bell-b1935-offender-record.jpg","c":"Tennessee prison record for Robert Lee Bell Sr.","w":"Robert Lee Bell Sr. was long remembered as having served time, and this Tennessee prison record confirms it, showing a ten-year sentence that ended two years before he died."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-s-s1-bhamnews-24jan1944-p20-thomasjbell16-notice-news-version-zoom.jpg","c":"1944 Birmingham News death notice naming the family and both grandmothers","w":"A 1944 newspaper notice for sixteen-year-old Thomas J. Bell, killed in a Warrenville, Illinois car crash [BELL-101], names his parents John Henry and Beatrice Bell and both of his grandmothers."},{"u":"img/eeps-2026-08-10-w-w6-postherald-24jan1944-p14-thomasjbell16-death-notice-zoom-grandparents-norton-and-bloebaum.jpg","c":"1944 death notice naming John Henry Bell, Beatrice, and both grandmothers","w":"A close-up on the line from the same 1944 notice naming both grandmothers, Mrs. M. K. Norton and Mrs. Margaret Bloebaum, the detail that tied two generations together."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"5":{"n":"Willie Joyce Stephens","d":"1942 – 1982, Jefferson Co. AL","g":"ok","x":"Photographed on her wedding day, 24 May 1980 [STEPHENS-40], and twice more before her death [STEPHENS-39]. m. Robert Lee Bell Sr. 26 Aug 1960, Fort Payne; m.(2) John Duncan Lammon 1980. Buried Clarke Co., Alabama among her mother’s Truett people. Invisible for years because she did not die a Bell.
Outstanding: The Find a Grave index gives only the county — Oak Grove and New Prospect are the Truett grounds.
","s":"Willie Joyce Stephens was born in 1942 and died in 1982 in Jefferson County, Alabama. She married Robert Lee Bell Sr. on 26 August 1960 in Fort Payne, and later remarried John Duncan Lammon in 1980. She is buried in Clarke County among her mother's Truett family — one reason she was hard to trace for years was that she did not die under the Bell name. Three photographs of her survive, all from her last two years: her wedding to John Duncan Lammon on 24 May 1980, married at home beneath a flowered brass arch; a restaurant above the water, his arm around her shoulders; and one of her alone in a panelled room hung with framed stamp collections. They are the only known pictures of her.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/photos-stephens-willie-joyce-and-john-duncan-lammon-wedding-24-may-1980-fort-payne.jpg","c":"Willie Joyce Stephens on her wedding day, 24 May 1980","w":"Married at home under a flowered brass arch at Fort Payne, Alabama — the only photograph here whose date comes from a record rather than a guess, and taken two years before she died."},{"u":"img/photos-stephens-willie-joyce-c1980-1982-in-a-panelled-room-with-framed-stamp-displays.jpg","c":"Willie Joyce Stephens, about 1980–82","w":"Standing in a panelled room hung with framed stamp collections, in a tailored jacket, a few years before her death at forty."},{"u":"img/photos-stephens-willie-joyce-with-john-duncan-lammon-c1980-1982-seaside-restaurant.jpg","c":"Willie Joyce Stephens with her second husband, about 1980–82","w":"Willie Joyce laughing beside John Duncan Lammon at a restaurant above the water, in the last two years of her life — the first photograph of her ever found."}],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"6":{"n":"Richard Clark Tuttle","d":"1929 Terre Haute – 2015 Cincinnati","g":"ok","x":"Photographed c.1938–40 with his brother Robert Dale and three unidentified girls [TUTTLE-88]. US Army, Supply Records Specialist, Fort Lee, Virginia, 3 Aug 1951; stationed in occupied Germany at Heilbronn Sub Post — a family photograph shows him in uniform before the post headquarters sign [TUTTLE-85]. Evanston Township High School class of 1947 — a senior yearbook, which moved the family’s move north from 1950 back to about 1945.
Outstanding: Cook County marriage licence to Judith Frost (~1955–58) still unordered — and it would name Velma’s maiden name from a second direction.
","s":"Richard Clark Tuttle, known all his life as Dick, was born in 1929 in Terre Haute, Indiana, and died in 2015 in Cincinnati. He served in the US Army, enlisting at Fort Lee, Virginia, on 3 August 1951 and training there as a supply-records specialist. A photograph kept in the family shows him in uniform in Germany, standing beside the sign for the Headquarters, Heilbronn Sub Post — the first evidence of where he was actually stationed. A senior yearbook placing him in the Evanston Township High School class of 1947 pushed the family's known move north back to about 1945, five years earlier than long assumed. The earliest photograph of him shows him at about nine, in a sweater and short trousers, standing beside his older brother Robert on a patch of spring grass in Terre Haute.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/photos-tuttle-richard-clark-and-robert-dale-c1938-1940-with-three-unidentified-girls.jpg","c":"Richard Clark Tuttle as a boy, with his brother Robert, about 1938–40","w":"Richard at about nine, in a sweater and short trousers, beside his older brother Robert Dale — the earliest photograph of him, and the only known one of his brother."},{"u":"img/photos-tuttle-richard-clark-c1951-53-heilbronn-germany-in-uniform-at-headquarters-sub-post-sign.jpg","c":"Richard Clark Tuttle in uniform, Heilbronn, Germany","w":"Richard Clark Tuttle stands in his Army uniform beside the Heilbronn Sub Post headquarters sign, the only evidence of where in Germany he served."}],"ev":[{"u":"img/tuttle-tuttle-11-richard-c-tuttle-fort-lee-quartermaster-supply-records-specialist-certificate-3-aug-1951.jpg","c":"Army supply-specialist certificate, Fort Lee, 1951 — Richard Tuttle","w":"In August 1951, during the Korean War, Richard Clark Tuttle trained as an Army supply-records specialist at Fort Lee, Virginia, a service record no family paper had kept."},{"u":"img/tuttle-tuttle-12-the-evanstonian-of-47-senior-yearbook-richard-tuttle-evanston-township-high-school.jpg","c":"1947 senior yearbook page, Evanston High — Richard Tuttle","w":"Richard Clark Tuttle's own senior yearbook from Evanston Township High School in 1947 proves his family had moved north from Terre Haute years earlier than anyone realized."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t9-wilmettelife-5may1977-helen-knott-tuttle-obit-record.jpg","c":"1977 obituary index — Helen Knott Tuttle, Wilmette Illinois","w":"Helen Knott Tuttle's 1977 obituary from Wilmette, Illinois, naming her sons Robert and Richard and a sister in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, who had never before been recorded."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-06-census-1950-evanston-il-ed107-46-gifford-tuttle-household-p1.jpg","c":"1950 census, Gifford Tuttle's household in Evanston","w":"This 1950 census page places Gifford Herman Tuttle, his wife Helen, and son Richard Clark Tuttle together in Evanston, Illinois, just before Richard started his own family."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-07-obituary-2015-richard-clark-tuttle-legacycom-p1.jpg","c":"Richard Clark Tuttle's obituary, 2015","w":"Richard Clark Tuttle's 2015 obituary names his late wife Judy and his daughter Cindy Bell, directly proving the link to the next generation of the family."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-08-obituary-2015-richard-clark-tuttle-thomasjustin-memorial-p1.jpg","c":"Funeral home obituary for Richard Clark Tuttle","w":"This funeral home version of Richard Clark Tuttle's 2015 obituary adds his birth and death dates and confirms his 56-year marriage to Judy Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-09-obituary-2013-judith-frost-tuttle-thomasjustin-memorial-p1.jpg","c":"Judith Frost Tuttle's obituary, 2013","w":"Judith Frost Tuttle's 2013 obituary names her husband Dick and daughter Cindy Bell, tying Judith firmly into the family two years before Richard's own death."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-10-obituary-2007-robert-dale-tuttle-clock-funeral-home-p1.jpg","c":"Robert Dale Tuttle's obituary, 2007","w":"This obituary for Richard Clark Tuttle's brother names their parents Gifford and Helen Tuttle and lists Richard as his surviving brother, locking the generations together."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-23-census-1930-terrehaute-gifford-tuttle-household-richard-9mo-p1.jpg","c":"1930 census, baby Richard Clark Tuttle","w":"This 1930 census captures Gifford Tuttle's own new household in Terre Haute with infant son Richard Clark Tuttle, just nine months old, matching his July 1929 birth."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-24-census-1940-terrehaute-giffordh-tuttle-household-richardclark10-p1.jpg","c":"1940 census, Richard Clark Tuttle at age ten","w":"This 1940 census still finds the family in Terre Haute, with Gifford and Helen Tuttle raising ten-year-old Richard Clark Tuttle before their later move to Illinois."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-34-familybible-births-p2-incl-dennis-1884-gifford-1903-richardclark-1929.jpg","c":"Family Bible births, second page","w":"This second births page records Dennis Clark Tuttle's 1884 birth, his son Gifford Herman Tuttle's birth in 1903, and grandson Richard Clark Tuttle's birth in 1929."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-06-census-1950-evanston-il-ed107-46-gifford-tuttle-household-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1950 Evanston census","w":"This continuing census page fills out the household details for Gifford, Helen, and Richard Clark Tuttle in Evanston in 1950."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-07-obituary-2015-richard-clark-tuttle-legacycom-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of Richard Clark Tuttle's obituary","w":"This continuing page of the obituary lists Richard Clark Tuttle's grandchildren and his funeral arrangements in Cincinnati."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-08-obituary-2015-richard-clark-tuttle-thomasjustin-memorial-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the funeral home obituary","w":"This continuing page lists Richard Clark Tuttle's children and grandchildren, including daughter Cindy and grandson Alec Bell."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-09-obituary-2013-judith-frost-tuttle-thomasjustin-memorial-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of Judith Frost Tuttle's obituary","w":"This continuing page lists Judith Frost Tuttle's grandchildren and her decades teaching at Indian Hill Schools."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-10-obituary-2007-robert-dale-tuttle-clock-funeral-home-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of Robert Dale Tuttle's obituary","w":"This continuing page lists Robert Dale Tuttle's children, the nephew and niece named again years later in Richard Clark Tuttle's own obituary."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-23-census-1930-terrehaute-gifford-tuttle-household-richard-9mo-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1930 census household","w":"This continuing page lists Gifford and Helen Tuttle's household details alongside their infant son Richard in 1930."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-24-census-1940-terrehaute-giffordh-tuttle-household-richardclark10-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1940 census household","w":"This continuing page lists further details of Gifford Tuttle's household in Terre Haute in 1940."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-07-obituary-2015-richard-clark-tuttle-legacycom-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of Richard Clark Tuttle's obituary","w":"This closing page of the obituary finishes the notice for Richard Clark Tuttle, the family's last Terre Haute-born Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-08-obituary-2015-richard-clark-tuttle-thomasjustin-memorial-p3.jpg","c":"Third page with visitation and service details","w":"This closing page gives the visitation and funeral service details for Richard Clark Tuttle at St. Barnabas Episcopal Church in Cincinnati."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-10-obituary-2007-robert-dale-tuttle-clock-funeral-home-p3.jpg","c":"Third page with Robert Dale Tuttle's service details","w":"This closing page gives Robert Dale Tuttle's funeral details in North Muskegon, Michigan, where he settled after leaving Terre Haute."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-23-census-1930-terrehaute-gifford-tuttle-household-richard-9mo-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1930 Terre Haute census","w":"This closing page completes the earliest census record of Richard Clark Tuttle as a baby in his parents' home."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-24-census-1940-terrehaute-giffordh-tuttle-household-richardclark10-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1940 Terre Haute census","w":"This closing page completes the last census record showing the family still in Terre Haute, Indiana."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"7":{"n":"Judith Katharine Frost","d":"1934 Parkersburg WV – 2013 Cincinnati","g":"ok","x":"Known in the family as “Mimi.” College formal photograph, c.1952–56 [FROST-29]. Northwestern graduate, teacher at Indian Hill Schools, portrait painter and maker of dollhouse miniatures. Photographed as a child c.1936 [FROST-12].
","s":"Judith Katharine Frost — Mimi to her grandchildren — was born in 1934 in Parkersburg, West Virginia, and died in 2013 in Cincinnati. A graduate of Northwestern University, she taught at the Indian Hill Schools and was also a portrait painter and a maker of dollhouse miniatures. A photograph of her as a small child survives from about 1936. Photographs survive of her as a small child about 1936, and at a college formal in the early 1950s.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/frost-frost-12-portrait-judith-katherine-frost-as-a-child-c1936-1937.jpg","c":"Judith Katharine Frost as a young child","w":""},{"u":"img/photos-frost-judith-katherine-c1952-1956-college-formal-with-her-date-two-prints.jpg","c":"Judith Katharine Frost at a college formal, about 1952–56","w":"Judith, known in the family as Mimi, at a dance during her Northwestern years, with a young man whose identity is not established."}],"ev":[{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-07-obituary-2015-richard-clark-tuttle-legacycom-p1.jpg","c":"Richard Clark Tuttle's obituary, 2015","w":"Richard Clark Tuttle's 2015 obituary names his late wife Judy and his daughter Cindy Bell, directly proving the link to the next generation of the family."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-08-obituary-2015-richard-clark-tuttle-thomasjustin-memorial-p1.jpg","c":"Funeral home obituary for Richard Clark Tuttle","w":"This funeral home version of Richard Clark Tuttle's 2015 obituary adds his birth and death dates and confirms his 56-year marriage to Judy Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-09-obituary-2013-judith-frost-tuttle-thomasjustin-memorial-p1.jpg","c":"Judith Frost Tuttle's obituary, 2013","w":"Judith Frost Tuttle's 2013 obituary names her husband Dick and daughter Cindy Bell, tying Judith firmly into the family two years before Richard's own death."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-07-obituary-2015-richard-clark-tuttle-legacycom-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of Richard Clark Tuttle's obituary","w":"This continuing page of the obituary lists Richard Clark Tuttle's grandchildren and his funeral arrangements in Cincinnati."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-08-obituary-2015-richard-clark-tuttle-thomasjustin-memorial-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the funeral home obituary","w":"This continuing page lists Richard Clark Tuttle's children and grandchildren, including daughter Cindy and grandson Alec Bell."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-09-obituary-2013-judith-frost-tuttle-thomasjustin-memorial-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of Judith Frost Tuttle's obituary","w":"This continuing page lists Judith Frost Tuttle's grandchildren and her decades teaching at Indian Hill Schools."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-07-obituary-2015-richard-clark-tuttle-legacycom-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of Richard Clark Tuttle's obituary","w":"This closing page of the obituary finishes the notice for Richard Clark Tuttle, the family's last Terre Haute-born Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-08-obituary-2015-richard-clark-tuttle-thomasjustin-memorial-p3.jpg","c":"Third page with visitation and service details","w":"This closing page gives the visitation and funeral service details for Richard Clark Tuttle at St. Barnabas Episcopal Church in Cincinnati."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"8":{"n":"John Henry Bell","d":"b. 1901/02 Alabama – d. 1944×1956","g":"ok","x":"The 1940 conviction read in full [BELL-96]: sentenced 17 June 1940, twelve months, serial C 26,574, discharged 17 Oct 1940 by order of Judge Emmett Perry — a new fixed point placing him in Jefferson County that October. Weighed 163 lb; physical condition good, teeth bad. ⭐ And from the reverse of his draft card [BELL-107], a mark that could identify a body no name index will match: “knot on the left leg near the hip.” ⭐ His own 1930 census gives BOTH his parents as Alabama-born [BELL-100] — a test Thomas Jefferson Bell and Alice May Bradley pass, and one that could have failed. Documented 1901 to Jan 1944, then dark. The free online layer is now exhausted [BELL-86, BELL-87]; the live lead is a Henry Bell, 51, born Alabama, separated, lodging at the Mt. Airy home for the homeless in Cincinnati in April 1950 [BELL-85]. ⭐ Strengthened 12 Aug 2026 [BELL-99]: in the whole 1950 census of Hamilton County, Ohio he is the only white male Bell born in Alabama in that decade — one man out of 106 — and “separated” is exactly what a man who walked out in 1942 and never formalised it would say. Still unproven: the age is two years out, and the record gives no parents, no next of kin and no middle name. ⛔ Buried in neither of the two family cemeteries. Not at Forest Hill, Birmingham — his wife’s and infant daughter’s ground, all 91 Bell memorials checked, no Henry at all [BELL-102]. And not at Bethlehem. All 16 Bell memorials in the family cemetery are listed and no Henry is among them [BELL-84]. Death bracketed 24 Jan 1944 × 29 Dec 1956, well supported — TWO complete sibling enumerations omit him: his mother's obituary of 31 Dec 1956 names six surviving children [BELL-79], and his brother W. W. Bell's of 20 Oct 1960 names four sisters and a brother, singular [BELL-90]. ⚠ He had a 1940 desertion conviction and had left the state, so an estranged son could be omitted while living; strong evidence, not proof. ⭐ ADPH certificate #5206 — John H Bell, d. 27 Feb 1951, HOUSTON CO. (Dothan, his mother's town) — is the highest-value order in the project [BELL-80]. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ RE-GRADED ‘part’ → ‘ok’, 6 Aug 2026, AT ALEC’S CHALLENGE [AUDIT-01]. The colour grades WHO THIS PERSON IS AND WHOSE CHILD THEY ARE — not whether every fact about them is known. Loose ends belong in Outstanding, below, and this node has some. They do not make the ancestor uncertain. ⚠ Name-collision warning [BELL-104]: Barbour County held a SECOND, unrelated John Henry Bell — b. ~1890, eldest son of B. C. Bell, a Eufaula butcher, named in full in a 1910 probate petition. Eliminated as ours on age by eleven years against five records, but any Barbour \"John Henry Bell\" must be checked against that family first. THE WALL. Solid to 1940: m. Beatrice Eakens 13 May 1927, Birmingham; dry cleaner 1928, truck driver 1930, house painter 1940; in Atlanta c.1933–36. Convicted of desertion and non-support in Jefferson County 17 June 1940 (Juv. & Dom. Rel. case 6552, Judge Emmett Perry); released 17 Oct 1940. ⭐ Registered for the draft at Cincinnati on 23 February 1942 — Local Board No. 19, 1206 Baymiller Street — giving his birthplace as Barbour County, Alabama and naming Mrs. M. K. Norton of 118 North St., Dothan as the person who would always know his address. He signed it himself. It is the last document he is known to have signed.
Outstanding: ⭐ His parents are now established [BELL-117]. His death is not — bracketed 24 Jan 1944 × 29 Dec 1956 by absence from two complete sibling enumerations, with the estrangement caveat. ⚠ And no instrument names him as Tom and Alice’s son in words: he predeceased every record that lists their children, so the identification is proved indirectly. Each of his six siblings has such a document; he alone has none. ⛔ Illinois is now cleared [BELL-105] — every John and Henry Bell death in the state 1944–1956 was listed from the Illinois State Archives database, and no John or Henry Bell died in DuPage County at any point between 1916 and 1972. Bounded: given names searched exactly, and the database carries no age before 1948. Birth is settled at ~1901–02 [BELL-115]. Sources: 1901 (family compilation), 1903 (1940 census), ~1901-02 (1920 census, as TJB’s son “Henry”) — and his 1927 marriage licence blank reads “21” — ⭐ which is the majority formula, not an age: the packet’s own affidavit says “he is OVER 21 years of age,” while the bride’s “18” is exact because her age mattered legally. Both Birmingham papers that week printed “John Henry Bell, 25.” [BELL-70, BELL-115]. No county and no father’s name on any of it. Disappearance better dated Oct 1940 – Feb 1942 than “around 1942.”
10 Aug 2026 [BELL-63/64/66]: m. Margaret Beatrice Eaken Friday 13 May 1927, Birmingham (the News ran a fearless-bridegroom feature; register Vol. 108 p. 276). Truck driver for a dry-cleaner, 1348 Huntsville Rd (1930); painter, 71 Ormond Ave SE, Atlanta (1936). Named his firstborn THOMAS J. for his father — the boy died at 16 on 22 Jan 1944 after a car crash at Warrenville, Illinois — ⭐ and his death certificate puts the whole family at Wheaton, DuPage County, Illinois, a state this project had never searched [BELL-101]. It also names the father plainly as \"Henry Bell\", the notice naming brothers John Henry Jr., Billy Jean, “Bobby” (8) and sister Carolyn, and grandmothers Mrs. M. K. Norton and Mrs. Margaret Bloebaum. Walked out ~1942; John Henry Jr. took his SSN at fourteen (Jan 1943); no record of the father after 1942 has ever been found.
⛔ Sweep K, 12 Aug 2026 [BELL-105]: the Illinois State Archives death database (1916–1972, statewide) was searched in full. No John Bell and no Henry Bell died in DuPage County — the family’s own county in Jan 1944 — at any point across those 56 years. The one strong candidate, a John H Bell dying at Aurora, Kane Co. on 13 Mar 1944 in the very city his son died in seven weeks earlier, is refuted: age 72, b. 1871 Pembroke KY, father George Bell, race “Col”. ⭐ His draft card’s unindexed identifying mark is now transcribed — “knot on the left leg near the hip” [BELL-107] — the kind of detail that can name a man in a coroner’s or poorhouse record when no index will.
","s":"John Henry Bell was born on 4 August 1901 in Barbour County, Alabama — a date his family still remembered in 2009, and one he wrote down himself on a draft card in 1942. He was the eldest son of Thomas Jefferson Bell and Alice May Bradley, farmers near Louisville, and he appears in their household in 1910 and 1920 simply as “Henry.”
By 1925 he had left for Birmingham, and a Barbour County court recorded him there — “Henry Bell, Birmingham” — when his grandfather’s estate was divided seven ways among Tom’s children. Two years later, on Friday the thirteenth of May 1927, he married Margaret Beatrice Eaken. Both Birmingham papers thought a couple marrying on such a date was worth a humorous column. Their first son arrived six months later.
He drove a truck for a dry cleaner, then painted houses — in Birmingham, and in Atlanta through the middle thirties. There were six children. In June 1940 he was convicted in Jefferson County of desertion and non-support, and served four months of a twelve-month sentence; the prison ledger records him at 163 pounds, physical condition good, teeth bad.
He was released that October, and about a year later he left for good. On 23 February 1942 he registered for the draft in Cincinnati — five foot nine, 160 pounds, blue eyes, brown hair, a knot on his left leg near the hip — and gave, as the person who would always know his address, his mother in Dothan. It is the last document he is known to have signed.
After that he vanishes. His family moved north to Wheaton, Illinois, where his sixteen-year-old son was killed in a car crash in January 1944; the certificate names the father simply as “Henry Bell.” By the time his mother died in December 1956 her obituary listed six surviving children, and he was not among them. He lies in neither family cemetery. The likeliest trace of him is a Henry Bell, fifty-one, white, born in Alabama and recorded as “separated,” lodging in a home for the homeless outside Cincinnati in April 1950 — the only man of that description in the entire county.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/bell-bell-09a-convictrecord-1940-johnhenrybell-ledger-entry.jpg","c":"1940 Jefferson County convict ledger entry, John Henry Bell","w":"A 1940 Alabama prison ledger records that John Henry Bell was convicted of deserting his family and failing to support them, the first document showing what actually happened to him."},{"u":"img/bell-bell-10-convictrecord-1940-jefferson-johnhenrybell-desertion-nonsupport-trbook77-p179.jpg","c":"1940 conviction record for desertion and non-support","w":"The court record itself, from 1940, naming John Henry Bell's crime as desertion and non-support, and giving the case number that helped researchers track down what became of him."},{"u":"img/bell-bell-63a-jefferson-marriage-index-1927-eakens-bell-row-film004160037-img310.jpg","c":"1927 Jefferson County marriage index, Eaken and Bell","w":"The 1927 Jefferson County marriage index recording John Henry Bell's wedding to Beatrice Eakens, naming the minister and the record book page that can still be found today."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-s-s1-bhamnews-24jan1944-p20-thomasjbell16-notice-news-version-zoom.jpg","c":"1944 Birmingham News death notice naming the family and both grandmothers","w":"A 1944 newspaper notice for sixteen-year-old Thomas J. Bell, killed in a Warrenville, Illinois car crash [BELL-101], names his parents John Henry and Beatrice Bell and both of his grandmothers."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-s-s5-wwii-draft-card-johnhenrybell-4aug1901-barbourco-nok-mrsmknorton-dothan-full.jpg","c":"WWII draft card, 1942 — John Henry Bell, born Barbour Co.","w":"John Henry Bell's 1942 draft card records his birth in Barbour County, Alabama, and names his mother, Mrs. M. K. Norton of Dothan, as his emergency contact."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t4-atlanta1936-johnh-beatricem-pntr-71ormond-zoom.jpg","c":"1936 Atlanta city directory — John Henry and Beatrice Bell","w":"The 1936 Atlanta city directory lists John Henry Bell as a house painter living with his wife Beatrice at 71 Ormond Avenue, pinning the family down between census years."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-w-w1-bhamnews-13may1927-p2-bridegroom-no-fear-license-article.jpg","c":"1927 Birmingham newspaper — John Henry Bell's marriage license","w":"A playful 1927 newspaper story about John Henry Bell and Beatrice Eakens marrying on Friday the thirteenth, unafraid of the date's bad luck."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-w-w1-postherald-14may1927-p2-marriage-license-fridaythe13th-article.jpg","c":"1927 Birmingham newspaper — John Henry Bell weds on Friday the 13th","w":"The rival newspaper's version of the same story, John Henry Bell marrying Beatrice Eakens on Friday the thirteenth of May, 1927."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-w-w4-1930census-bham-ed37-62-sheet41a-fullpage-johnhbell-household.jpg","c":"1930 census, Birmingham — the John Henry Bell household","w":"The full 1930 census page recording John Henry Bell's household in Birmingham, where his firstborn son had already been named Thomas J. after his grandfather."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-w-w4-1930census-household-rows-zoom-johnh-margaret-thomasj-johnh-caroline.jpg","c":"1930 census close-up — John Henry and Margaret Bell's household","w":"A close-up of the 1930 census lines for John Henry Bell's household, his wife Margaret and children Thomas J., John H. Jr., and Caroline all listed by name."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-w-w4b-1920census-louisville-barbour-ed17-sheet8b-fullpage-thomasjbell-household.jpg","c":"1920 census, Louisville AL — the Thomas J. Bell household","w":"The 1920 census of Louisville, Alabama, catching Thomas J. Bell's family together, including eighteen-year-old Henry, the boy who grew up to be John Henry Bell."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-w-w4b-1920census-household-rows-zoom-thomasj-alice-henry-ray-william-ethel-juanita.jpg","c":"1920 census close-up — Thomas J. and Alice Bell's children, including Henry","w":"A close-up of the same household, naming Thomas J. and Alice Bell's children one by one, Henry, Ray, William, Ethel, and baby Juanita."},{"u":"img/eeps-2026-08-10-w-w6-postherald-24jan1944-p14-thomasjbell16-death-notice-zoom-grandparents-norton-and-bloebaum.jpg","c":"1944 death notice naming John Henry Bell, Beatrice, and both grandmothers","w":"A close-up on the line from the same 1944 notice naming both grandmothers, Mrs. M. K. Norton and Mrs. Margaret Bloebaum, the detail that tied two generations together."},{"u":"img/951-img49of445-two-john-h-bells-john-h-katherine-b-and-o-rr-h532-mt-hope-av-and-john-h-eloise-h2841-melrose-av.jpg","c":"1951 Cincinnati city directory — “John H (Eloise)”","w":"The only John H. Bell listed in Cincinnati between 1942 and 1955, shown with a wife named Eloise. If this is him, he remarried — and a marriage record would finally name his parents. It is a lead, not yet an identification."},{"u":"img/rder10460-b-aug4th1901-box6-place-of-birth-reads-boubour-county-alabama-nok-mrs-m-k-norton-118-north-st-dothan.jpg","c":"His 1942 draft registration card, signed in his own hand","w":"Registered at Cincinnati in February 1942, weeks after he walked out. He gives his birthplace as “Boubour County, Alabama” — a typist's rendering of Barbour — and names Mrs. M. K. Norton of Dothan as the person who would always know his address. It is the last document he signed."},{"u":"img/ifying-mark-knot-on-the-left-leg-near-the-hip-localboard19-1206-baymiller-st-cincinnati-registered-23-feb-1942.jpg","c":"The reverse — how he looked, in February 1942","w":"White, five foot nine, 160 pounds, blue eyes, brown hair, light complexion — and one line nobody had ever transcribed: “knot on the left leg near the hip.” For a man who died away from home, a physical mark like that can identify a body no index ever will."},{"u":"img/ords-p458-estate-of-b-c-bell-1910-widow-fannie-eldest-son-john-henry-bell-age-20-of-eufaula-a-different-family.jpg","c":"1910 Barbour County probate — the other John Henry Bell","w":"A warning, not a discovery. Barbour County held a second, unrelated family whose eldest son was also named John Henry Bell — born about 1890, son of a Eufaula butcher. He is eleven years too old to be ours, but any Barbour record with that name has to be checked against this family first."},{"u":"img/certificate-bell-101a-il-coronerscertificateofdeath-1977-thomasjbell-d22jan1944-kaneco-res-wheaton-dupage-full.jpg","c":"1944 Illinois death certificate of Thomas J. Bell, aged 16","w":"The coroner's certificate for John Henry and Beatrice's eldest son, killed in a car crash outside Chicago. It names his father simply as “Henry Bell,” and it revealed something nobody knew — the family had moved to Wheaton, Illinois."},{"u":"img/te-bell-101b-zoom-father-henry-bell-bpl-birmingham-ala-mother-beatrice-eakin-bpl-birmingham-ala-born-23nov1927.jpg","c":"The parents' section, close up","w":"“Father: Henry Bell. Mother: Beatrice Eakin.” The birthplace beside each says Birmingham — but Beatrice was born at Cuba, Sumter County, so the informant was guessing, and neither birthplace can be relied on."},{"u":"img/vm-pass-bell-99b-1950census-only-one-white-male-bell-born-alabama-in-hamilton-co-ohio-and-it-is-the-mtairy-man.jpg","c":"The search that narrowed 106 men down to one","w":"Every Bell in Hamilton County, Ohio in 1950 who was male, white, and born in Alabama around the turn of the century. The answer is one man — the lodger at the poorhouse."},{"u":"img/amilton-co-vm-pass-bell-99c-1950census-henrybell-51-white-alabama-separated-lodger-greentwp-ed31-92-p83-line25.jpg","c":"1950 census — Henry Bell, 51, at the Cincinnati poorhouse","w":"A white Alabama-born Bell of the right age, recorded as “separated” and lodging at a home for the homeless outside Cincinnati in April 1950. He is the only man in the entire county who could be John Henry Bell — but the record names no parents, so it remains a lead rather than an identification."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"9":{"n":"Margaret Beatrice Eaken","d":"10 Jul 1908 Sumter Co. AL – 16 Jan 1983 Fulton Co. GA","g":"ok","x":"Photographed summer 1961 holding her infant grandson [BELL-78]. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ RE-GRADED ‘part’ → ‘ok’, 6 Aug 2026, AT ALEC’S CHALLENGE [AUDIT-01]. The colour grades WHO THIS PERSON IS AND WHOSE CHILD THEY ARE — not whether every fact about them is known. Remarried Claude B. Smith in 1948; in the 1950 census at Lineville, Clay Co., Alabama with four Bell stepchildren. Middle initial B proven.
⭐ Her death date is settled at last [BELL-97]. Her Find a Grave memorial gives 16 January 1983, Fulton County, Georgia, agreeing exactly with the Alabama death index — and it gives her birthplace as Cuba, Sumter County, her mother’s home county, which is independent corroboration nobody could have reverse-engineered. The family’s “1985” is withdrawn: that was her mother’s death year (self-corrections #42–#43). She is buried at Forest Hill Cemetery, Birmingham, Section 19.
⭐ Her obituary was found in both cities [BELL-106] — the Atlanta Constitution of 19 January 1983 and the Birmingham News of the 18th. She was living at Clarkston, Georgia, and had retired as a saleswoman at Rich’s department store in Atlanta; she was a member of Vestavia Alliance Church. Her mother Maggie Bloebaum outlived her. ⛔ Neither notice names her first husband.
Outstanding: Her obituary is in the Atlanta papers of mid-January 1983 — not the Birmingham ones, where everyone has been looking. It would list her children, and may name her first husband.
⭐ Her obituary found in BOTH cities, 12 Aug 2026 [BELL-106] — Atlanta Constitution 19 Jan 1983 p.31 and Birmingham News 18 Jan 1983 p.27. A third, contemporaneous witness to the 16 Jan 1983 death (“died Sunday” — 16 Jan 1983 was a Sunday) and to burial at Forest Hill. It gives her a working life: a retired saleswoman at Rich’s department store in Atlanta, latterly of Clarkston, Georgia, a member of Vestavia Alliance Church. It names her four surviving children, and her mother as Mrs. Maggie Bloebaum — which identifies the informant on her son’s 1944 Illinois death certificate [BELL-101]. ⛔ It does not name John Henry Bell, in either version.
","s":"Margaret Beatrice Eaken was born on 10 July 1908 at Cuba, in Sumter County, Alabama — her mother's home county, where her father would later be buried. She was eighteen when she married John Henry Bell on Friday the thirteenth of May 1927, and their first son was born that November.
She had six children by him. He left about 1942, and by January 1944 she had taken the family north to Wheaton, Illinois, where her eldest son was killed in a car crash at sixteen. She remarried in 1948 — Claude B. Smith — and the 1950 census finds her at Lineville, Clay County, Alabama, with her four surviving Bell children in the household.
She spent her later years in Georgia, at Clarkston, and retired from Rich's department store in Atlanta. She died on 16 January 1983, aged seventy-four, and was brought back to Birmingham for burial at Forest Hill, where her infant daughter Marion had been buried half a century before. Her obituary ran in both cities and listed her husband, her four children, her mother and her two brothers. It did not mention her first husband.
For a long time the family believed she died in 1985 — but 1985 was the year her own mother died, and the two had quietly become confused.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/bell-photo-margaret-beatrice-eaken-bell-c1904-1983.jpg","c":"Portrait of Margaret Beatrice Eaken Bell","w":""},{"u":"img/bell-photo-margaret-beatrice-eaken-bell-hand-tinted-portrait-gilt-filigree-oval-frame-c1950s.jpg","c":"Margaret Beatrice Eaken Bell — hand-tinted studio portrait in a gilt filigree oval frame, about the 1950s","w":""},{"u":"img/photos-bell-margaret-beatrice-eaken-holding-her-infant-grandson-robert-lee-bell-jr-1961.jpg","c":"Margaret Beatrice Eaken with her newborn grandson, 1961","w":"Margaret at fifty-three, in a white summer dress, holding Alec's father in the weeks after his birth in July 1961 — the earliest photograph of him and only the second of her."}],"ev":[{"u":"img/bell-bell-63a-jefferson-marriage-index-1927-eakens-bell-row-film004160037-img310.jpg","c":"1927 Jefferson County marriage index, Eaken and Bell","w":"The 1927 Jefferson County marriage index recording John Henry Bell's wedding to Beatrice Eakens, naming the minister and the record book page that can still be found today."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-s-s1-bhamnews-24jan1944-p20-thomasjbell16-notice-news-version-zoom.jpg","c":"1944 Birmingham News death notice naming the family and both grandmothers","w":"A 1944 newspaper notice for sixteen-year-old Thomas J. Bell, killed in a Warrenville, Illinois car crash [BELL-101], names his parents John Henry and Beatrice Bell and both of his grandmothers."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t4-atlanta1936-johnh-beatricem-pntr-71ormond-zoom.jpg","c":"1936 Atlanta city directory — John Henry and Beatrice Bell","w":"The 1936 Atlanta city directory lists John Henry Bell as a house painter living with his wife Beatrice at 71 Ormond Avenue, pinning the family down between census years."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-w-w1-bhamnews-13may1927-p2-bridegroom-no-fear-license-article.jpg","c":"1927 Birmingham newspaper — John Henry Bell's marriage license","w":"A playful 1927 newspaper story about John Henry Bell and Beatrice Eakens marrying on Friday the thirteenth, unafraid of the date's bad luck."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-w-w1-postherald-14may1927-p2-marriage-license-fridaythe13th-article.jpg","c":"1927 Birmingham newspaper — John Henry Bell weds on Friday the 13th","w":"The rival newspaper's version of the same story, John Henry Bell marrying Beatrice Eakens on Friday the thirteenth of May, 1927."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-w-w4-1930census-bham-ed37-62-sheet41a-fullpage-johnhbell-household.jpg","c":"1930 census, Birmingham — the John Henry Bell household","w":"The full 1930 census page recording John Henry Bell's household in Birmingham, where his firstborn son had already been named Thomas J. after his grandfather."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-w-w4-1930census-household-rows-zoom-johnh-margaret-thomasj-johnh-caroline.jpg","c":"1930 census close-up — John Henry and Margaret Bell's household","w":"A close-up of the 1930 census lines for John Henry Bell's household, his wife Margaret and children Thomas J., John H. Jr., and Caroline all listed by name."},{"u":"img/eeps-2026-08-10-w-w6-postherald-24jan1944-p14-thomasjbell16-death-notice-zoom-grandparents-norton-and-bloebaum.jpg","c":"1944 death notice naming John Henry Bell, Beatrice, and both grandmothers","w":"A close-up on the line from the same 1944 notice naming both grandmothers, Mrs. M. K. Norton and Mrs. Margaret Bloebaum, the detail that tied two generations together."},{"u":"img/on-co-georgia-buried-forest-hill-cemetery-birmingham-section-19-spouse-claude-bennett-smith-sr-1894-1984-m1948.jpg","c":"Margaret Beatrice's memorial and headstone, Forest Hill Cemetery","w":"The memorial that finally settled her death date at 16 January 1983 in Atlanta, and gave her birthplace as Cuba, Alabama — her mother's home county, which is how we knew it was the right woman."},{"u":"img/aughter-carolyn-b-miller-sons-william-e-john-h-robert-l-bell-mother-mrs-maggie-bloebaum-no-first-husband-named.jpg","c":"Her obituary, Atlanta Constitution, 19 January 1983","w":"Found in the Atlanta papers rather than the Birmingham ones, because she had been living in Georgia and had retired from Rich's department store. It lists her four children and her mother — but it does not mention her first husband at all."},{"u":"img/certificate-bell-101a-il-coronerscertificateofdeath-1977-thomasjbell-d22jan1944-kaneco-res-wheaton-dupage-full.jpg","c":"1944 Illinois death certificate of Thomas J. Bell, aged 16","w":"The coroner's certificate for John Henry and Beatrice's eldest son, killed in a car crash outside Chicago. It names his father simply as “Henry Bell,” and it revealed something nobody knew — the family had moved to Wheaton, Illinois."},{"u":"img/te-bell-101b-zoom-father-henry-bell-bpl-birmingham-ala-mother-beatrice-eakin-bpl-birmingham-ala-born-23nov1927.jpg","c":"The parents' section, close up","w":"“Father: Henry Bell. Mother: Beatrice Eakin.” The birthplace beside each says Birmingham — but Beatrice was born at Cuba, Sumter County, so the informant was guessing, and neither birthplace can be relied on."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"10":{"n":"Jess Steve Willard Stephens","d":"29 Apr 1917 – 18 Mar 1971","g":"ok","x":"Mechanic; died at Charleston, South Carolina. Christened for Jess Willard, heavyweight champion of the world thirteen months earlier, and signed himself both “Willard” and “J. W.” — which is what made him hard to find. In 1920 at Election Precinct 6, York, Sumter Co., the same precinct as the Swains in 1900.
","s":"Jess Steve Willard Stephens was born on 29 April 1917 and died on 18 March 1971 in Charleston, South Carolina, having worked as a mechanic. He was named for Jess Willard, heavyweight champion of the world just thirteen months before his birth, and went by both “Willard” and “J. W.” through his life. In 1920 his family lived at Election Precinct 6, York, in Sumter County — the very precinct where the Swain family had lived twenty years earlier.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"11":{"n":"Grace Estelle Truett","d":"14 Jan 1917 – 9 Nov 1992","g":"ok","x":"Born Clarke Co.; in 1920 at Coffeeville. Married at least three times — Stephens 1939, Rivers 1947, Roberts — and appears in Social Security records as “Grace Tru Morgan,” implying a fourth. Buried Tuscaloosa Memorial Park.
","s":"Grace Estelle Truett was born on 14 January 1917 in Clarke County, Alabama, and by 1920 was living at Coffeeville. She married at least three times — to a Stephens in 1939, a Rivers in 1947, and later a Roberts — and appears in Social Security records under the name “Grace Tru Morgan,” suggesting a fourth marriage as well. She died on 9 November 1992 and is buried at Tuscaloosa Memorial Park.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"12":{"n":"Gifford Herman Tuttle","d":"7 Oct 1903 Indianapolis – Dec 1974","g":"ok","x":"Photographed with Helen c.1973, probably their golden wedding [TUTTLE-87]. m. Helen May Knott 2 Apr 1923, Rush Co. Terre Haute 1910–1940, Evanston by about 1945. Named almost certainly for Gifford H. Spear, his father’s stepfather — the man who raised Dennis after Richard B. Tuttle died.
","s":"Gifford Herman Tuttle was born on 7 October 1903 in Indianapolis and died in December 1974. He married Helen May Knott on 2 April 1923 in Rush County. The family lived in Terre Haute from 1910 to 1940 before moving to Evanston, Illinois, by about 1945. His own name almost certainly honors Gifford H. Spear, the stepfather who raised his father Dennis after Dennis's own father died young. A photograph survives of him with Helen in the early 1970s, the two of them hand in hand and wearing flowers, most likely at their fiftieth anniversary.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/photos-tuttle-gifford-herman-and-helen-mae-knott-c1973-dressed-for-an-occasion.jpg","c":"Gifford and Helen Tuttle, about 1973","w":"Hand in hand before their own mantel, he with a boutonnière and she with a corsage — most likely their golden wedding, fifty years after they married in 1923."},{"u":"img/photos-tuttle-richard-clark-and-robert-dale-c1938-1940-with-three-unidentified-girls.jpg","c":"Their sons Richard and Robert, about 1938–40","w":"Richard at about nine, in a sweater and short trousers, beside his older brother Robert Dale — the earliest photograph of him, and the only known one of his brother."}],"ev":[{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-06-census-1950-evanston-il-ed107-46-gifford-tuttle-household-p1.jpg","c":"1950 census, Gifford Tuttle's household in Evanston","w":"This 1950 census page places Gifford Herman Tuttle, his wife Helen, and son Richard Clark Tuttle together in Evanston, Illinois, just before Richard started his own family."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-10-obituary-2007-robert-dale-tuttle-clock-funeral-home-p1.jpg","c":"Robert Dale Tuttle's obituary, 2007","w":"This obituary for Richard Clark Tuttle's brother names their parents Gifford and Helen Tuttle and lists Richard as his surviving brother, locking the generations together."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-21-census-1910-terrehaute-dennis-tuttle-household-gifford6-p1.jpg","c":"1910 census, Dennis Tuttle's young family","w":"This 1910 census shows Dennis Clark Tuttle heading his own Terre Haute household with wife Leona and six-year-old son Gifford, Alec's great-grandfather."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-22-census-1920-terrehaute-dennisc-tuttle-household-gifford16-p1.jpg","c":"1920 census, Gifford Tuttle as a teenager","w":"This 1920 census finds Dennis Clark Tuttle's household still in Terre Haute, with son Gifford now sixteen and a few years from starting his own family."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-23-census-1930-terrehaute-gifford-tuttle-household-richard-9mo-p1.jpg","c":"1930 census, baby Richard Clark Tuttle","w":"This 1930 census captures Gifford Tuttle's own new household in Terre Haute with infant son Richard Clark Tuttle, just nine months old, matching his July 1929 birth."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-24-census-1940-terrehaute-giffordh-tuttle-household-richardclark10-p1.jpg","c":"1940 census, Richard Clark Tuttle at age ten","w":"This 1940 census still finds the family in Terre Haute, with Gifford and Helen Tuttle raising ten-year-old Richard Clark Tuttle before their later move to Illinois."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-27-marriage-1923-rushco-gifford-tuttle-helen-knott-application-names-parents-p1.jpg","c":"Gifford and Helen's 1923 marriage application","w":"Gifford Herman Tuttle and Helen May Knott's 1923 marriage application names both of their parents, tying two more generations of the family together."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-34-familybible-births-p2-incl-dennis-1884-gifford-1903-richardclark-1929.jpg","c":"Family Bible births, second page","w":"This second births page records Dennis Clark Tuttle's 1884 birth, his son Gifford Herman Tuttle's birth in 1903, and grandson Richard Clark Tuttle's birth in 1929."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-36-familybible-marriages-p2-dennis-1902-gifford-1923-dorothy-1937.jpg","c":"Family Bible marriages, second page","w":"This marriage page records Dennis Clark Tuttle's 1902 wedding to Leona Marie Alexander and their son Gifford Herman Tuttle's 1923 wedding to Helen May Knott."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-37-familybible-deaths-incl-richardb-1884-dennis-1975.jpg","c":"Family Bible page recording deaths","w":"The family Bible's deaths page records Richard B. Tuttle's 1884 death along with the later deaths of Gifford Herman, Dennis Clark, and Leona Marie Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-77-ssdi-gifford-tuttle-1903-1974-lake-co-il.jpg","c":"Social Security record for Gifford Tuttle","w":"This Social Security death index entry confirms Gifford Herman Tuttle's birth and death dates and his final home in Lake County, Illinois."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-06-census-1950-evanston-il-ed107-46-gifford-tuttle-household-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1950 Evanston census","w":"This continuing census page fills out the household details for Gifford, Helen, and Richard Clark Tuttle in Evanston in 1950."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-10-obituary-2007-robert-dale-tuttle-clock-funeral-home-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of Robert Dale Tuttle's obituary","w":"This continuing page lists Robert Dale Tuttle's children, the nephew and niece named again years later in Richard Clark Tuttle's own obituary."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-21-census-1910-terrehaute-dennis-tuttle-household-gifford6-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1910 census household","w":"This continuing page lists the rest of Dennis and Leona Tuttle's household in Terre Haute in 1910."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-22-census-1920-terrehaute-dennisc-tuttle-household-gifford16-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1920 census household","w":"This continuing page fills out the 1920 household details for Dennis, Leona, and their son Gifford Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-23-census-1930-terrehaute-gifford-tuttle-household-richard-9mo-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1930 census household","w":"This continuing page lists Gifford and Helen Tuttle's household details alongside their infant son Richard in 1930."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-24-census-1940-terrehaute-giffordh-tuttle-household-richardclark10-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1940 census household","w":"This continuing page lists further details of Gifford Tuttle's household in Terre Haute in 1940."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-27-marriage-1923-rushco-gifford-tuttle-helen-knott-application-names-parents-p2.jpg","c":"Marriage application, continued, second page","w":"This second page continues Gifford Herman Tuttle and Helen May Knott's 1923 marriage application from Rush County, Indiana."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-10-obituary-2007-robert-dale-tuttle-clock-funeral-home-p3.jpg","c":"Third page with Robert Dale Tuttle's service details","w":"This closing page gives Robert Dale Tuttle's funeral details in North Muskegon, Michigan, where he settled after leaving Terre Haute."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-21-census-1910-terrehaute-dennis-tuttle-household-gifford6-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1910 Terre Haute census","w":"This closing page completes the 1910 record of the family that would remain in Terre Haute for another generation."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-22-census-1920-terrehaute-dennisc-tuttle-household-gifford16-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1920 Terre Haute census","w":"This closing page completes the 1920 record, the middle of three straight censuses documenting this Terre Haute household."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-23-census-1930-terrehaute-gifford-tuttle-household-richard-9mo-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1930 Terre Haute census","w":"This closing page completes the earliest census record of Richard Clark Tuttle as a baby in his parents' home."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-24-census-1940-terrehaute-giffordh-tuttle-household-richardclark10-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1940 Terre Haute census","w":"This closing page completes the last census record showing the family still in Terre Haute, Indiana."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-27-marriage-1923-rushco-gifford-tuttle-helen-knott-application-names-parents-p3.jpg","c":"Marriage application, continued, third page","w":"This third page completes Gifford Herman Tuttle and Helen May Knott's 1923 marriage application from Rush County, Indiana."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"13":{"n":"Helen May Knott","d":"b. 12 Jun 1905, IN – d. 24 Apr 1977, Evanston, IL","g":"ok","x":"Hand-tinted studio portrait c.1940–45 [KNOTT-24]; with Gifford c.1973 [TUTTLE-87]. Childhood photographs c.1911–13: with her sister Mildred, on a postcard inscribed and signed by their mother [KNOTT-22]; and twice with her friend Grace Shomer [KNOTT-21, KNOTT-23, KNOTT-26]. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ RE-GRADED ‘part’ → ‘ok’, 6 Aug 2026, AT ALEC’S CHALLENGE [AUDIT-01]. The colour grades WHO THIS PERSON IS AND WHOSE CHILD THEY ARE — not whether every fact about them is known. Loose ends belong in Outstanding, below, and this node has some. They do not make the ancestor uncertain. Named with both parents on the 1923 marriage application, and again in her son Robert Dale’s 2007 obituary — doubly sourced. The Tuttles were lifelong members of St. Luke’s Episcopal, Evanston, where Robert Dale was interred.
Outstanding: Death not documented. Enquiry sent to St. Luke’s for her death and the Tuttle burials from ~1945. Awaiting reply.
⭐⭐ DEATH CLOSED (probable), 7 Aug 2026 [KNOTT-07]: Wilmette Life, 5 May 1977 — died 24 Apr 1977, Evanston Hospital, age 71; sons Robert D. (Evanston) and Richard C. (Cincinnati); sister Mildred Cooper of Cedar Rapids. Locks the SSDI candidate (b. 12 Jun 1905). Primary-page capture queued.
","s":"Helen May Knott was born on 12 June 1905 in Indiana and died on 24 April 1977 at Evanston Hospital, Illinois, at the age of seventy-one. Her parents are named on her 1923 marriage application to Gifford Tuttle, and again decades later in her son Robert Dale's obituary. Her death notice named her surviving sons, Robert D. of Evanston and Richard C. of Cincinnati, and her sister Mildred Cooper of Cedar Rapids. Three photographs survive of her childhood in Terre Haute about 1911 to 1913: one on the lawn beside her big sister Mildred, seven years her elder, which their mother sent as a postcard inscribed “My too sweet dauters, Mildred and Helen”; and two of Helen with her friend Grace, both girls in wide straw hats. The friend was almost certainly Grace Estella Schomer, born six months after Helen in December 1905, the daughter of the man who ran Terre Haute's dancing school — a child performer the local paper once called “the miniature Pavlowa.” She lived to be ninety-seven. A hand-tinted studio portrait shows her in her late thirties, and another photograph catches her with Gifford in the early 1970s, near their fiftieth anniversary.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/photos-knott-helen-mae-c1940-1945-hand-tinted-studio-portrait-framed.jpg","c":"Helen May Knott, hand-tinted portrait, about 1940–45","w":"A hand-coloured studio portrait of Helen in her late thirties, the earliest good look at her face as an adult."},{"u":"img/photos-knott-helen-and-friend-grace-shomer-c1911-1913-in-hats-rppc-front.jpg","c":"Helen Knott and her friend Grace Schomer, about 1911–13","w":"Two small girls in pom-pom straw hats holding hands in a studio — Helen and Grace Estella Schomer, born six months apart, the daughter of the man who ran Terre Haute's dancing school."},{"u":"img/photos-knott-helen-c1910-1915-studio-portrait-with-a-friend-named-grace.jpg","c":"Helen May Knott as a girl, with a friend named Grace","w":"Two little girls in white dresses, about 1910-1915; the family kept this as Helen with her friend Grace, and the census rules out her sister Mildred, who was seven years older."},{"u":"img/photos-knott-mildred-and-helen-c1911-1913-in-hats-on-the-lawn-rppc-front.jpg","c":"Helen Knott and her sister Mildred, about 1911–13","w":"Barefoot little Helen stands beside her big sister Mildred on the lawn, the seven years between them just as the census records it."},{"u":"img/photos-tuttle-gifford-herman-and-helen-mae-knott-c1973-dressed-for-an-occasion.jpg","c":"Gifford and Helen Tuttle, about 1973","w":"Hand in hand before their own mantel, he with a boutonnière and she with a corsage — most likely their golden wedding, fifty years after they married in 1923."},{"u":"img/photos-tuttle-richard-clark-and-robert-dale-c1938-1940-with-three-unidentified-girls.jpg","c":"Their sons Richard and Robert, about 1938–40","w":"Richard at about nine, in a sweater and short trousers, beside his older brother Robert Dale — the earliest photograph of him, and the only known one of his brother."}],"ev":[{"u":"img/photos-knott-helen-and-friend-grace-shomer-c1911-1913-reverse-inscription.jpg","c":"The back of the postcard, naming both girls","w":"A later hand wrote “Helen Knott Tuttle and friend Grace Shomer,” which is how the friend's surname is known at all."},{"u":"img/photos-knott-mildred-and-helen-c1911-1913-reverse-inscription-by-their-mother.jpg","c":"The back of the postcard, written by their mother","w":"Martha Knott wrote “My too sweet dauters, Mildred and Helen” and signed it “Mama” — the only known sample of her handwriting, naming both her girls."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t9-wilmettelife-5may1977-helen-knott-tuttle-obit-record.jpg","c":"1977 obituary index — Helen Knott Tuttle, Wilmette Illinois","w":"Helen Knott Tuttle's 1977 obituary from Wilmette, Illinois, naming her sons Robert and Richard and a sister in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, who had never before been recorded."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-06-census-1950-evanston-il-ed107-46-gifford-tuttle-household-p1.jpg","c":"1950 census, Gifford Tuttle's household in Evanston","w":"This 1950 census page places Gifford Herman Tuttle, his wife Helen, and son Richard Clark Tuttle together in Evanston, Illinois, just before Richard started his own family."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-10-obituary-2007-robert-dale-tuttle-clock-funeral-home-p1.jpg","c":"Robert Dale Tuttle's obituary, 2007","w":"This obituary for Richard Clark Tuttle's brother names their parents Gifford and Helen Tuttle and lists Richard as his surviving brother, locking the generations together."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-23-census-1930-terrehaute-gifford-tuttle-household-richard-9mo-p1.jpg","c":"1930 census, baby Richard Clark Tuttle","w":"This 1930 census captures Gifford Tuttle's own new household in Terre Haute with infant son Richard Clark Tuttle, just nine months old, matching his July 1929 birth."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-24-census-1940-terrehaute-giffordh-tuttle-household-richardclark10-p1.jpg","c":"1940 census, Richard Clark Tuttle at age ten","w":"This 1940 census still finds the family in Terre Haute, with Gifford and Helen Tuttle raising ten-year-old Richard Clark Tuttle before their later move to Illinois."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-27-marriage-1923-rushco-gifford-tuttle-helen-knott-application-names-parents-p1.jpg","c":"Gifford and Helen's 1923 marriage application","w":"Gifford Herman Tuttle and Helen May Knott's 1923 marriage application names both of their parents, tying two more generations of the family together."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-36-familybible-marriages-p2-dennis-1902-gifford-1923-dorothy-1937.jpg","c":"Family Bible marriages, second page","w":"This marriage page records Dennis Clark Tuttle's 1902 wedding to Leona Marie Alexander and their son Gifford Herman Tuttle's 1923 wedding to Helen May Knott."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-06-census-1950-evanston-il-ed107-46-gifford-tuttle-household-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1950 Evanston census","w":"This continuing census page fills out the household details for Gifford, Helen, and Richard Clark Tuttle in Evanston in 1950."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-10-obituary-2007-robert-dale-tuttle-clock-funeral-home-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of Robert Dale Tuttle's obituary","w":"This continuing page lists Robert Dale Tuttle's children, the nephew and niece named again years later in Richard Clark Tuttle's own obituary."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-23-census-1930-terrehaute-gifford-tuttle-household-richard-9mo-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1930 census household","w":"This continuing page lists Gifford and Helen Tuttle's household details alongside their infant son Richard in 1930."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-24-census-1940-terrehaute-giffordh-tuttle-household-richardclark10-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1940 census household","w":"This continuing page lists further details of Gifford Tuttle's household in Terre Haute in 1940."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-27-marriage-1923-rushco-gifford-tuttle-helen-knott-application-names-parents-p2.jpg","c":"Marriage application, continued, second page","w":"This second page continues Gifford Herman Tuttle and Helen May Knott's 1923 marriage application from Rush County, Indiana."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-10-obituary-2007-robert-dale-tuttle-clock-funeral-home-p3.jpg","c":"Third page with Robert Dale Tuttle's service details","w":"This closing page gives Robert Dale Tuttle's funeral details in North Muskegon, Michigan, where he settled after leaving Terre Haute."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-23-census-1930-terrehaute-gifford-tuttle-household-richard-9mo-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1930 Terre Haute census","w":"This closing page completes the earliest census record of Richard Clark Tuttle as a baby in his parents' home."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-24-census-1940-terrehaute-giffordh-tuttle-household-richardclark10-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1940 Terre Haute census","w":"This closing page completes the last census record showing the family still in Terre Haute, Indiana."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-27-marriage-1923-rushco-gifford-tuttle-helen-knott-application-names-parents-p3.jpg","c":"Marriage application, continued, third page","w":"This third page completes Gifford Herman Tuttle and Helen May Knott's 1923 marriage application from Rush County, Indiana."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"14":{"n":"Alan C. Frost","d":"b. Feb 1903, Paterson NJ – unknown","g":"ok","x":"Photographed as an infant c.1903–04 with his siblings Katherine and Harry [FROST-30]. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ RE-GRADED ‘part’ → ‘ok’, 6 Aug 2026, AT ALEC’S CHALLENGE [AUDIT-01]. The colour grades WHO THIS PERSON IS AND WHOSE CHILD THEY ARE — not whether every fact about them is known. Loose ends belong in Outstanding, below, and this node has some. They do not make the ancestor uncertain. 1940 census Mansfield OH (dime-store manager); 1950 Marion IN; and by Oct 1964 at 316 West Dartmouth, Flint, Michigan — a state nobody knew about, found on Velma’s cremation certificate.
Outstanding: Death unknown; a Michigan search returned nothing. Enquiry submitted to White Chapel Memorial, Troy MI, asking whether he is interred with Velma.
","s":"Alan C. Frost was born in February 1903 in Paterson, New Jersey. He managed a dime store in Mansfield, Ohio, by 1940, and had moved to Marion, Indiana, by 1950. By October 1964 he was living at 316 West Dartmouth in Flint, Michigan — a chapter of his life discovered only through his wife Velma's cremation certificate. His own death has not yet been found. The earliest picture of him is a studio photograph taken about 1903 or 1904, when he was still an infant in a long white gown, seated between his older sister and brother — Katherine and Harry, each named for a parent.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/frost-frost-14-photograph-kat-alan-ralph-eleanor-frost-front.jpg","c":"Family photograph including a young Alan Frost","w":""},{"u":"img/photos-frost-alan-c-as-an-infant-with-his-older-sister-and-brother-c1903-1904-studio.jpg","c":"Alan Frost as a baby with his older sister and brother, about 1903–04","w":"Alan, barely old enough to sit up, between his sister and brother in a studio garden set — and the two older children were named for their parents, Katherine and Harry, which is why the caption reads as though the parents were in it."}],"ev":[{"u":"img/frost-frost-14b-photograph-kat-alan-ralph-eleanor-frost-reverse-pencil-annotation.jpg","c":"Pencil-annotated reverse of the Frost family photo","w":"The back of an old family photograph, where someone once wrote the names Kat, Alan, Ralph, and Eleanor in pencil, so nobody looking at it later would forget who they were."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"15":{"n":"Velma Gladys Roush","d":"21 Jun 1907 Mason Co. WV – 3 Oct 1964 Flint MI","g":"ok","x":"Photographed c.1957–64, outdoors in a plaid coat [FROST-31]. The hardest wall in the project until 5 Aug 2026 — broken by a cremation certificate in a family photo album plus Cynthia’s memory of her grandmother. Five feet tall; ran away from home at sixteen; “She’s small but oh my!” in her yearbook; died of a perforated duodenum after years of high-dose aspirin for arthritis.
Outstanding: Her 1931 first marriage to Alfred Hesterberg and her marriage to Alan Frost both need confirming.
⭐ Primary birth register read at native resolution, 7 Aug 2026: WV VRR id 2981877 (assessor’s register, Graham District, 1907, p. 37 line 44) — b. 21 June 1907, father John G. Roush, mother/informant Bertha E. Roush. A primary record for the parent links, independent of the tree-based citation.
","s":"Velma Gladys Roush was born on 21 June 1907 in Mason County, West Virginia, the daughter of John G. Roush and Bertha E. Roush, as recorded on the original birth register. She was five feet tall, ran away from home at sixteen, and her school yearbook remembered her as “small but oh my!” She died on 3 October 1964 in Flint, Michigan, of a perforated duodenum after years of high-dose aspirin taken for arthritis. She was, for years, the hardest figure in the family to trace, until a cremation certificate found in a family photo album, together with her granddaughter Cynthia's own memory of her, finally identified her. Two photographs of her survive: a studio portrait, and a snapshot of her laughing outdoors in a plaid coat in her fifties.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/frost-frost-11-portrait-velma-gladys-roush-frost-undated-c1955-1964.jpg","c":"Portrait of Velma Gladys Roush Frost, about 1955-1964","w":""},{"u":"img/photos-frost-velma-gladys-roush-c1957-1964-outdoors-in-a-plaid-coat.jpg","c":"Velma Gladys Roush outdoors, late 1950s or early 1960s","w":"Velma laughing in a plaid coat among bare autumn branches, in her fifties — one of only two photographs of the woman who was the hardest person in this tree to find."}],"ev":[{"u":"img/frost-frost-06-certificate-of-cremation-1964-velma-g-frost-white-chapel-troy-michigan.jpg","c":"1964 cremation certificate for Velma Gladys Roush Frost","w":"Velma Gladys Roush Frost's 1964 cremation certificate, which also revealed that her son Alan had moved the family to Flint, Michigan, a fact nobody had written down before."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"16":{"n":"Thomas Jefferson Bell","d":"b. 1875×1878 – d. 30 Aug 1921, near Louisville, Barbour Co., Alabama","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ RE-GRADED ‘probable’ → ‘documented’, 12 August 2026, on the EIGHTH adversarial review [BELL-117] — after seven refusals. What changed: the rival reading of “Mrs. M. K. Norton” died with Katie Bradley in April 1924; Mack Norton’s own 1954 obituary calls Alice’s children Bells; and the 1925 probate decree was re-read as what it is — a court’s adjudication of who Thomas Jefferson Bell’s children were, paying seven named persons exactly one seventh each of a deceased heir’s share, with “Henry Bell, Birmingham” among them.
⭐ Corroborated from the Norton side [BELL-108]: his widow Alice remarried Mack K. Norton, whose 1954 obituary calls her sons T. R. and W. W. Bell — the same sibling set Thomas Ray Bell Sr.’s own obituary gives twenty years later, from the opposite side of the family. Mack joined Bethlehem Baptist near Clayton, this family’s church and burying ground, where Tom lies and where Alice is buried under the name Bell, not Norton.
Buried Bethlehem Baptist Church Cemetery; Find a Grave memorial 138198515 links him to John T. Bell and Sallie Cox as parents — corroboration of a hypothesis, not evidence [BELL-84]. ⚠ That memorial gives d. 27 Aug 1920 against the Clayton Record obituary's 30 Aug 1921; one is wrong by a year and the conflict is unresolved. Identified as John Henry Bell's father at probable — the chain runs through his widow, not through a document naming him [BELL-76, BELL-77]. Married Alice May Bradly 13 Aug 1895, Barbour Co. Direct Marriage Index vol. 13 p. 63. Obituary, Clayton Record 2 Sep 1921: d. 30 Aug 1921, son of John Bell Sr., buried Bethlehem “where two of his children are buried.” 1920 census, Louisville: Thomas J 44, Alice 42, Henry 18, Ray 16, William 12, Ethel 10, Juanita 2.
Outstanding: No record yet names John Henry Bell's father. His own age is unsettled — 44 in Jan 1920 (b. ~1875) against “about forty-three” in the Sept 1921 obituary (b. ~1878); the chart's old “1874” was supported by nothing. The Barbour sweep for competing Henry Bells is now RUN [BELL-82]: across the 1900, 1910 and 1920 censuses there is exactly one Henry Bell born 1899×1903 in the county, and he is Tom and Alice's son. No rival exists.
","s":"Thomas Jefferson Bell farmed near Louisville in Barbour County, Alabama. He married Alice May Bradley on 13 August 1895, when she was eighteen, and they had nine children — seven still living when the 1920 census found them together, and two already buried at Bethlehem Baptist churchyard.
He died on 30 August 1921 and was laid beside those two children. He left no estate: the county's probate minutes for the year after his death record no administration in his name, and the clerk's index to seventy years of administrators' records contains no Thomas J. Bell at all. There was simply nothing to divide.
So when his children finally received something, it came through his own father's estate instead. In April 1925 a Barbour County court divided one deceased heir's share seven ways among Tom's children, naming each of them — Ellie, Ray, Ruth, William, Ethel, little Juanita, and “Henry Bell, Birmingham.” That decree is the court's own answer to the question of who his children were, and it is the document that finally settled this family's longest-standing puzzle.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/ate-of-will-of-john-t-bell-full-heirs-list-incl-tom-bell-barbour-orphan-records-1915-1924-ark-3q9m-c953-79r5-4.jpg","c":"1915 probate petition, John T. Bell's heirs including son Tom","w":"A 1915 court petition filed after John T. Bell's death lists his heirs, including a son called Tom Bell who may be the missing link to later generations."},{"u":"img/apr-1925-distribution-list-tjb-children-incl-henry-bell-birmingham-clayton-orphan-records-ark-3q9m-c953-73qm-c.jpg","c":"1925 estate settlement naming Thomas Jefferson Bell's children","w":"A 1925 Alabama estate paper names Thomas Jefferson Bell's seven children one by one, including a son named Henry living in Birmingham, a striking match to the family long suspected."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-d-n-barbour-directmarriageindex-p63-fullpage-belltj-x-bradlyalicemay-1895.jpg","c":"The full page of the Barbour marriage index, 1895","w":"The whole page of Bell marriages, with Tom and Alice's row among dozens of Barbour County couples."},{"u":"img/rowser-sweeps-2026-08-10-d-n-barbour-marriage-index-row-zoom-bell-tj-x-bradly-alice-may-12-13aug1895-vol13-p63.jpg","c":"Barbour County marriage index — T. J. Bell and Alice May Bradly, 1895","w":"One handwritten line in the county register index: T. J. Bell married Alice May Bradly on 13 August 1895, which is where her maiden name is finally attested in an original record."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-w-w3-claytonrecord-2sep1921-p1-mr-tom-bell-passes-away-obit-zoom.jpg","c":"1921 obituary, Clayton Record — Mr. Tom Bell passes away","w":"Thomas Jefferson Bell's 1921 obituary, naming his father John Bell Sr. and a long list of his children and siblings, the single richest document found for this family."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-w-w4b-1920census-louisville-barbour-ed17-sheet8b-fullpage-thomasjbell-household.jpg","c":"1920 census, Louisville AL — the Thomas J. Bell household","w":"The 1920 census of Louisville, Alabama, catching Thomas J. Bell's family together, including eighteen-year-old Henry, the boy who grew up to be John Henry Bell."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-w-w4b-1920census-household-rows-zoom-thomasj-alice-henry-ray-william-ethel-juanita.jpg","c":"1920 census close-up — Thomas J. and Alice Bell's children, including Henry","w":"A close-up of the same household, naming Thomas J. and Alice Bell's children one by one, Henry, Ray, William, Ethel, and baby Juanita."},{"u":"img/026-08-10-w-w6-montgomeryadvertiser-28feb1995-p37-juanita-halstead-obit-part1-daughter-of-tj-and-alicemae-bell.jpg","c":"1995 obituary naming Juanita's parents, T.J. and Alice Mae Bell","w":"Juanita Bell Halstead's 1995 obituary names her one of Montgomery's flying grandmothers and a founder of the Ninety-Nines pilots' club, daughter of T.J. and Alice Mae Bell."},{"u":"img/than-stepsons-t-r-bell-and-w-w-bell-four-stepdaughters-knight-morris-everett-halstead-member-bethlehem-baptist.jpg","c":"Mack Norton's obituary, The Clayton Record, 22 October 1954","w":"The document that broke the Bell wall. Alice's second husband's obituary names his wife as Mrs. Alice May Norton of Dothan and calls her children step-sons T. R. Bell and W. W. Bell — a published statement, from the Norton side of the family, that Alice was the mother of the Bell children."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"17":{"n":"Alice May Bradley","d":"8 Oct 1876 – 29 Dec 1956, Montgomery Co., Alabama; m.(2) Mack K. Norton","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ RE-GRADED ‘probable’ → ‘documented’, 12 August 2026, on the EIGHTH adversarial review [BELL-117] — after seven refusals. What changed: the rival reading of “Mrs. M. K. Norton” died with Katie Bradley in April 1924; Mack Norton’s own 1954 obituary calls Alice’s children Bells; and the 1925 probate decree was re-read as what it is — a court’s adjudication of who Thomas Jefferson Bell’s children were, paying seven named persons exactly one seventh each of a deceased heir’s share, with “Henry Bell, Birmingham” among them.
⭐⭐ The Norton question is settled [BELL-108]. Mack K. Norton’s own obituary (The Clayton Record, 22 Oct 1954) names his wife as “Mrs. Alice May Norton of Dothan” and her children as step-sons T. R. Bell of Bessemer and W. W. Bell of Jacksonville, with four step-daughters whose married names and towns match Thomas Ray Bell Sr.’s own 1974 obituary twenty years later. So the “Mrs. M. K. Norton, 118 North St., Dothan” whom John Henry Bell named on his 1942 draft card is Alice — and the competing reading, that she was Katie the aunt, is dead: Katie Bradley Norton died 11 April 1924, eighteen years before that card.
⭐ And Katie was Alice’s sister. Both women’s state death records give the same parents, Henry Bradley and Elvira Loveless. Two Bradley sisters each married a Bell and each was widowed; Mack Norton married Katie in 1912 and, after she died, married Alice. Mack joined his wife’s first husband’s church at Bethlehem and was buried apart from her.
⭐ Named with Tom as a parental couple on a state vital record: their daughter Ruth's Texas death certificate gives father Tom Bell, mother Alice Bradley [BELL-91], and their son Thomas Ray's Alabama death record gives Thomas Jefferson Bell and Alice Bradley [BELL-95]. Two children, two states, two vital records. Identified at probable. Maiden name attested in the Barbour Co. marriage index: T. J. Bell × Alice May Bradly, 13 Aug 1895 [BELL-76]. 1940 census, Dothan, ED 35-8, sheet 3B, house 118 — Mack K. Norton head, Alice M. wife; supplementary line 55 gives age at first marriage 18, nine children born, and “married more than once: Yes”, which orders the two marriages Bell-then-Norton [BELL-77]. 1935 residence: same house — seven years before John Henry gave that address on his draft card. Died 29 Dec 1956, Montgomery (Alabama Death Index, cert. #26068); buried under the name Bell at Bethlehem, the cemetery Tom's 1921 obituary named [self-correction #32].Outstanding: ⭐ ADPH certificate #26068 names HER parents — and after the 1895 licence turned out to carry no parents' line [BELL-81], it is now the ONLY live route to the Bradley generation. Her own obituary, Clayton Record late Dec 1956, would list surviving children and is the document that would take both these nodes to documented. No marriage record for Alice × Norton exists after four bounded searches; the remarriage is proven by household, not by a return. Birth year wobbles: 1877 by the 1891 guardianship, 1876 by Find a Grave, whose provenance is unverified.
","s":"Alice May Bradley was born on 8 October 1876 in Barbour County, Alabama, the daughter of Henry Bradley and Elvira Loveless. Her father died young: in October 1891 a county court appointed a guardian for Alice, then fourteen, and her sister Katie, twelve, noting that the minors had no father living.
She married Thomas Jefferson Bell on 13 August 1895, at eighteen, and had nine children. Widowed in 1921, she married Mack K. Norton — and there is a quiet symmetry in it, because Mack's first wife had been her own sister Katie, who died in 1924. Two Bradley sisters each married a Bell, each was widowed, and the same man married them in turn.
By 1935 she was living with Mack at 118 East North Street in Dothan, and it was that address her son wrote on his draft card in 1942 when the form asked who would always know where he was. Mack died in 1954; his obituary called her children his step-sons and step-daughters, naming them as Bells, which is how the family was finally proved from the outside.
She outlived her husband by thirty-five years and died at Montgomery on 29 December 1956, aged eighty. They brought her home to Bethlehem, in Barbour County, and buried her beside him under the name Bell — not Norton.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-d-n-barbour-directmarriageindex-p63-fullpage-belltj-x-bradlyalicemay-1895.jpg","c":"The full page of the Barbour marriage index, 1895","w":"The whole page of Bell marriages, with Tom and Alice's row among dozens of Barbour County couples."},{"u":"img/rowser-sweeps-2026-08-10-d-n-barbour-marriage-index-row-zoom-bell-tj-x-bradly-alice-may-12-13aug1895-vol13-p63.jpg","c":"Barbour County marriage index — T. J. Bell and Alice May Bradly, 1895","w":"One handwritten line in the county register index: T. J. Bell married Alice May Bradly on 13 August 1895, which is where her maiden name is finally attested in an original record."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-s-s1-bhamnews-24jan1944-p20-thomasjbell16-notice-news-version-zoom.jpg","c":"1944 Birmingham News death notice naming the family and both grandmothers","w":"A 1944 newspaper notice for sixteen-year-old Thomas J. Bell, killed in a Warrenville, Illinois car crash [BELL-101], names his parents John Henry and Beatrice Bell and both of his grandmothers."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-w-w4b-1920census-louisville-barbour-ed17-sheet8b-fullpage-thomasjbell-household.jpg","c":"1920 census, Louisville AL — the Thomas J. Bell household","w":"The 1920 census of Louisville, Alabama, catching Thomas J. Bell's family together, including eighteen-year-old Henry, the boy who grew up to be John Henry Bell."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-w-w4b-1920census-household-rows-zoom-thomasj-alice-henry-ray-william-ethel-juanita.jpg","c":"1920 census close-up — Thomas J. and Alice Bell's children, including Henry","w":"A close-up of the same household, naming Thomas J. and Alice Bell's children one by one, Henry, Ray, William, Ethel, and baby Juanita."},{"u":"img/026-08-10-w-w6-montgomeryadvertiser-28feb1995-p37-juanita-halstead-obit-part1-daughter-of-tj-and-alicemae-bell.jpg","c":"1995 obituary naming Juanita's parents, T.J. and Alice Mae Bell","w":"Juanita Bell Halstead's 1995 obituary names her one of Montgomery's flying grandmothers and a founder of the Ninety-Nines pilots' club, daughter of T.J. and Alice Mae Bell."},{"u":"img/eeps-2026-08-10-w-w6-postherald-24jan1944-p14-thomasjbell16-death-notice-zoom-grandparents-norton-and-bloebaum.jpg","c":"1944 death notice naming John Henry Bell, Beatrice, and both grandmothers","w":"A close-up on the line from the same 1944 notice naming both grandmothers, Mrs. M. K. Norton and Mrs. Margaret Bloebaum, the detail that tied two generations together."},{"u":"img/879-died-11-april-1924-eufaula-father-henry-bradley-mother-elvira-buried-clayton-city-cem-spouse-mack-k-norton.jpg","c":"Katie Bradley Norton's grave — Alice's sister","w":"For months the case stalled on whether the Mrs. M. K. Norton named on John Henry Bell's draft card was Alice or an aunt called Katie. Katie died in April 1924, eighteen years before that card was signed. Her stone also gives her maiden name — Bradley — which is how we learned the two women were sisters."},{"u":"img/than-stepsons-t-r-bell-and-w-w-bell-four-stepdaughters-knight-morris-everett-halstead-member-bethlehem-baptist.jpg","c":"Mack Norton's obituary, The Clayton Record, 22 October 1954","w":"The document that broke the Bell wall. Alice's second husband's obituary names his wife as Mrs. Alice May Norton of Dothan and calls her children step-sons T. R. Bell and W. W. Bell — a published statement, from the Norton side of the family, that Alice was the mother of the Bell children."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"18":{"n":"Andrew Jackson Eaken","d":"1 May 1881 Lauderdale Co. MS – 20 Mar 1922","g":"ok","x":"Buried Cuba, Sumter Co., Alabama — his wife’s home county, correcting the compilation’s “Birmingham.” In 1910 at Mobile with Maggie, baby Beatrice, and his brother-in-law Langford Swain lodging — the lodger who opened the whole Swain line.
","s":"Andrew Jackson Eaken was born on 1 May 1881 in Lauderdale County, Mississippi, and died on 20 March 1922. He is buried at Cuba, in Sumter County, Alabama — his wife's home county, correcting an earlier family record that had placed his burial in Birmingham. In 1910 he was living in Mobile with his wife Maggie and infant daughter Beatrice, and with his brother-in-law Langford Swain lodging in the household — a detail that opened up research into the whole Swain family line.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"19":{"n":"Maggie Dillon Swain","d":"27 Sep 1886 – Mar 1985, Jefferson Co.","g":"ok","x":"Widowed 1922, remarried Thomas J. Bloebaum Nov 1925, lived DuPage Co., Illinois 1930–50, returned to Birmingham and died at 98. She is the “Ms Blevon” of family memory.
Outstanding: Her March 1985 Jefferson Co. death record would restate her parents independently.
","s":"Maggie Dillon Swain was born on 27 September 1886. Widowed in 1922 by the death of Andrew Jackson Eaken, she remarried Thomas J. Bloebaum in November 1925 and lived in DuPage County, Illinois, from about 1930 to 1950, before returning to Birmingham, where she died in March 1985 at the age of ninety-eight. She is the “Ms Blevon” remembered in family memory — her married name Bloebaum, softened by the years.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-s-s1-bhamnews-24jan1944-p20-thomasjbell16-notice-news-version-zoom.jpg","c":"1944 Birmingham News death notice naming the family and both grandmothers","w":"A 1944 newspaper notice for sixteen-year-old Thomas J. Bell, killed in a Warrenville, Illinois car crash [BELL-101], names his parents John Henry and Beatrice Bell and both of his grandmothers."},{"u":"img/eeps-2026-08-10-w-w6-postherald-24jan1944-p14-thomasjbell16-death-notice-zoom-grandparents-norton-and-bloebaum.jpg","c":"1944 death notice naming John Henry Bell, Beatrice, and both grandmothers","w":"A close-up on the line from the same 1944 notice naming both grandmothers, Mrs. M. K. Norton and Mrs. Margaret Bloebaum, the detail that tied two generations together."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"20":{"n":"John Willis Stephens","d":"1876 – 1947, Livingston, Sumter Co.","g":"ok","x":"Also “J. W.” — which is exactly why the 1939 and 1960 marriage clerks could both write “J. W. Stephens” meaning different men. The 1920 Sumter County census settles the generations.
","s":"John Willis Stephens was born in 1876 and died in 1947 at Livingston, in Sumter County, Alabama. He too went by “J. W.,” which is exactly why marriage clerks in both 1939 and 1960 wrote down “J. W. Stephens” for two different men in the family — a coincidence that the 1920 Sumter County census helped sort out.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"21":{"n":"Mary Price Williams","d":"b. 18 Mar 1887, State Line, Greene Co. MS","g":"ok","x":"","s":"Mary Price Williams was born on 18 March 1887 at State Line, in Greene County, Mississippi.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"22":{"n":"Thomas William Truette","d":"Sep 1893 – bef. 1930, Clarke Co. AL","g":"ok","x":"Clarksville and Coffeeville, Clarke County. m. Sennie Lawrence ~1916.
Outstanding: Died before 1930 — no death record yet located.
","s":"Thomas William Truette was born in September 1893 and lived in and around Clarksville and Coffeeville, in Clarke County, Alabama. He married Sennie Lawrence about 1916 and died sometime before 1930; no death record has yet been found.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"23":{"n":"Sennie E. Lawrence","d":"5 Jan 1899 – 13 Sep 1975","g":"ok","x":"Found under her later married surname — the same trick that found Willie Joyce.
Outstanding: A 1897/1899 birth-year discrepancy; the 1900 Coffeeville census image resolves it.
","s":"Sennie E. Lawrence was born on 5 January 1899 and died on 13 September 1975. Like her granddaughter Willie Joyce after her, she was found in the records under a later married surname rather than her maiden one.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"24":{"n":"Dennis Clark Tuttle","d":"25 Jan 1884 Peoria IL – 22 Aug 1975","g":"ok","x":"Freight car repairman, Pennsylvania Railroad, 43 years; retired onto the PRR Roll of Honor; Railroad Retirement Board number 717-03-2620. A Freemason — Prophet of Kerman Grotto, Terre Haute. Registered in the “Old Man’s Draft,” April 1942. Drew $20 a week from Indiana unemployment in his sixties. His wallet survived: TUTTLE-02 to TUTTLE-10. Married 67 years.
Outstanding: Grand Lodge of Indiana Blue Lodge record — free, and Masonic bodies answer descendants.
","s":"Dennis Clark Tuttle was born on 25 January 1884 in Peoria, Illinois, and died on 22 August 1975. He worked forty-three years as a freight car repairman for the Pennsylvania Railroad, retiring onto its Roll of Honor, and was a Freemason, serving as Prophet of the Kerman Grotto in Terre Haute. He registered for the “Old Man's Draft” in April 1942 and, in his sixties, drew twenty dollars a week from Indiana unemployment during a lean stretch. He was married for sixty-seven years, and his own wallet, carried through much of that life, survives among the family's papers.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/photos-tuttle-dennis-clark-and-leona-marie-alexander-c1963-1970-at-home-with-a-cake.jpg","c":"Dennis and Leona Tuttle with a cake, 1960s","w":"The only known photograph of Dennis Clark Tuttle and Leona Marie Alexander together, taken between 1963 and Leona's death in 1970, after sixty-odd years of marriage."}],"ev":[{"u":"img/02-vigoco-recordofmarriages-p25-continuation-bride-leona-born-clinton-father-wm-alexander-mother-mary-fletcher.jpg","c":"1902 marriage register, Vigo County — Leona Alexander's parents named","w":"This 1902 marriage record for Dennis Tuttle and Leona Alexander also named her parents, William Alexander and Mary Fletcher, opening up an entirely new branch of the family."},{"u":"img/tuttle-tuttle-02-kerman-grotto-courtesy-card-and-daughters-of-mokanna-life-membership-leona-tuttle-1964.jpg","c":"Masonic Grotto and Daughters of Mokanna membership cards","w":"Two membership cards reveal that Dennis Clark Tuttle was a Freemason, and his wife Leona Alexander belonged to the Grotto's women's auxiliary."},{"u":"img/tuttle-tuttle-03-retired-railroad-mens-association-1974-1975-and-prr-roll-of-honor-retirement-card.jpg","c":"Pennsylvania Railroad retirement Roll of Honor certificate","w":"After forty-three years repairing Pennsylvania Railroad freight cars, Dennis Clark Tuttle retired with this Roll of Honor certificate, still a proud railroad man until the year he died."},{"u":"img/tuttle-tuttle-04-description-of-registrant-reverse-of-selective-service-certificate-1942.jpg","c":"Selective Service card, physical description of Dennis Tuttle","w":"This 1942 draft card gives the only physical description of Dennis Clark Tuttle that survives, his height, weight, and complexion, recorded when he was fifty-eight."},{"u":"img/tuttle-tuttle-05-selective-service-registration-certificate-27-april-1942-vigo-county-board-1.jpg","c":"Selective Service registration certificate, 1942","w":"On 27 April 1942, at fifty-eight years old, Dennis Clark Tuttle registered in the so-called Old Man's Draft, so the government could count what skills the country had for war."},{"u":"img/tuttle-tuttle-06-indiana-unemployment-benefit-record-reverse-claim-100-28843.jpg","c":"Indiana unemployment benefit claim record","w":"This card shows Dennis Clark Tuttle, decades into a railroad career, standing in an Indiana unemployment line drawing twenty dollars a week, a humbling stretch worth remembering honestly."},{"u":"img/tuttle-tuttle-07-indiana-employment-security-division-applicant-id-card-front.jpg","c":"Indiana Employment Security applicant ID card","w":"The front of the same unemployment card Dennis Clark Tuttle had to carry and present every time he reported to the Indiana employment office looking for work."},{"u":"img/tuttle-tuttle-08-national-casualty-company-detroit-identification-and-registration-card.jpg","c":"National Casualty Company identification card","w":"Dennis Clark Tuttle carried this accident-insurance card in case he was ever hurt on the job around the moving freight cars he spent his career repairing."},{"u":"img/tuttle-tuttle-09-terre-haute-tribune-star-subscriber-accident-policy-card-7-may-1952.jpg","c":"Newspaper subscriber accident insurance card, 1952","w":"A small newspaper-subscriber accident policy from 1952 that also happens to catch Dennis Clark Tuttle moving to a new apartment in his sixties."},{"u":"img/tuttle-tuttle-10-social-security-act-account-card-717-03-2620-issued-22-april-1937-prr-freight-car-repairman.jpg","c":"1937 Social Security card, Dennis Clark Tuttle, railroad repairman","w":"Dennis Clark Tuttle's 1937 Social Security card carries a special railroad-only number, proof on its face that he spent his working life repairing Pennsylvania Railroad freight cars."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-21-census-1910-terrehaute-dennis-tuttle-household-gifford6-p1.jpg","c":"1910 census, Dennis Tuttle's young family","w":"This 1910 census shows Dennis Clark Tuttle heading his own Terre Haute household with wife Leona and six-year-old son Gifford, Alec's great-grandfather."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-22-census-1920-terrehaute-dennisc-tuttle-household-gifford16-p1.jpg","c":"1920 census, Gifford Tuttle as a teenager","w":"This 1920 census finds Dennis Clark Tuttle's household still in Terre Haute, with son Gifford now sixteen and a few years from starting his own family."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-26-marriage-1902-vigoco-dennisclark-tuttle-leonamarie-alexander-register-p1.jpg","c":"Marriage record of Dennis and Leona Tuttle","w":"This Vigo County register records Dennis Clark Tuttle's marriage to Leona Marie Alexander on the last day of 1902, the couple whose son Gifford carried the family into the twentieth century."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-27-marriage-1923-rushco-gifford-tuttle-helen-knott-application-names-parents-p1.jpg","c":"Gifford and Helen's 1923 marriage application","w":"Gifford Herman Tuttle and Helen May Knott's 1923 marriage application names both of their parents, tying two more generations of the family together."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-34-familybible-births-p2-incl-dennis-1884-gifford-1903-richardclark-1929.jpg","c":"Family Bible births, second page","w":"This second births page records Dennis Clark Tuttle's 1884 birth, his son Gifford Herman Tuttle's birth in 1903, and grandson Richard Clark Tuttle's birth in 1929."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-36-familybible-marriages-p2-dennis-1902-gifford-1923-dorothy-1937.jpg","c":"Family Bible marriages, second page","w":"This marriage page records Dennis Clark Tuttle's 1902 wedding to Leona Marie Alexander and their son Gifford Herman Tuttle's 1923 wedding to Helen May Knott."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-37-familybible-deaths-incl-richardb-1884-dennis-1975.jpg","c":"Family Bible page recording deaths","w":"The family Bible's deaths page records Richard B. Tuttle's 1884 death along with the later deaths of Gifford Herman, Dennis Clark, and Leona Marie Tuttle."},{"u":"img/nce-derived-sar-69-marriage-1902-vigoco-recordofmarriages-p25-left-dennis-father-richard-tuttle-born-peoria-p1.jpg","c":"Dennis Tuttle's 1902 marriage record","w":"This 1902 Vigo County marriage register entry names Dennis Clark Tuttle, born in Peoria, and his father, Richard Tuttle, proving the family link."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-70-marriage-1902-vigoco-recordofmarriages-p25-right-mother-emma-fuerstenburger-p1.jpg","c":"Dennis Tuttle's marriage record, mother's name","w":"The facing page of the 1902 marriage register names Dennis Clark Tuttle's mother, Emma Fuerstenberger, and his bride, Leona Alexander."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-71-census-1950-terrehaute-ed100-65-p9-dennis-leona-daughter-dorothy-stephens.jpg","c":"1950 census, Dennis and Leona Tuttle","w":"The 1950 census finds Dennis Clark Tuttle and his wife Leona living in Terre Haute with their grown daughter still nearby."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-76-ssdi-dennis-tuttle-1884-1975-railroadboard-vigo.jpg","c":"Social Security record for Dennis Tuttle","w":"This Social Security death index entry confirms Dennis Clark Tuttle's birth and death dates and his lifelong home in Vigo County."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-21-census-1910-terrehaute-dennis-tuttle-household-gifford6-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1910 census household","w":"This continuing page lists the rest of Dennis and Leona Tuttle's household in Terre Haute in 1910."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-22-census-1920-terrehaute-dennisc-tuttle-household-gifford16-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1920 census household","w":"This continuing page fills out the 1920 household details for Dennis, Leona, and their son Gifford Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-26-marriage-1902-vigoco-dennisclark-tuttle-leonamarie-alexander-register-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1902 marriage register","w":"This continuing page of the register completes the official record of Dennis and Leona Tuttle's New Year's Eve wedding in 1902."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"25":{"n":"Leona Marie Alexander","d":"16 Feb 1883 Clinton IN – 13 Sep 1970","g":"ok","x":"A member of St. Stephen's Episcopal Church, Terre Haute, where her funeral was held in Sept 1970 — the earliest evidence of this family's Episcopal affiliation, and it is in Terre Haute, not Evanston [TUTTLE-90]. m. Dennis on New Year’s Eve 1902 — not 1903; Gifford was born nine months and six days later. Life member of the Daughters of Mokanna, Kerman Caldron #19, 1964. Buried with Dennis at Highland Lawn.
","s":"Leona Marie Alexander was born on 16 February 1883 in Clinton, Indiana, and died on 13 September 1970. She married Dennis Tuttle on New Year's Eve, 1902 — their son Gifford arrived nine months and six days later, which is how the date of the marriage was pinned down against a family tradition of 1903. She was a life member of the Daughters of Mokanna, Kerman Caldron No. 19, and is buried alongside Dennis at Highland Lawn Cemetery. Her obituary records her as a member of St. Stephen's Episcopal Church in Terre Haute, where her funeral was held — the earliest sign of a family that had been Congregational for six generations turning Episcopalian.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/photos-tuttle-dennis-clark-and-leona-marie-alexander-c1963-1970-at-home-with-a-cake.jpg","c":"Dennis and Leona Tuttle with a cake, 1960s","w":"The only known photograph of Dennis Clark Tuttle and Leona Marie Alexander together, taken between 1963 and Leona's death in 1970, after sixty-odd years of marriage."}],"ev":[{"u":"img/02-vigoco-recordofmarriages-p25-continuation-bride-leona-born-clinton-father-wm-alexander-mother-mary-fletcher.jpg","c":"1902 marriage register, Vigo County — Leona Alexander's parents named","w":"This 1902 marriage record for Dennis Tuttle and Leona Alexander also named her parents, William Alexander and Mary Fletcher, opening up an entirely new branch of the family."},{"u":"img/tuttle-tuttle-02-kerman-grotto-courtesy-card-and-daughters-of-mokanna-life-membership-leona-tuttle-1964.jpg","c":"Masonic Grotto and Daughters of Mokanna membership cards","w":"Two membership cards reveal that Dennis Clark Tuttle was a Freemason, and his wife Leona Alexander belonged to the Grotto's women's auxiliary."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-21-census-1910-terrehaute-dennis-tuttle-household-gifford6-p1.jpg","c":"1910 census, Dennis Tuttle's young family","w":"This 1910 census shows Dennis Clark Tuttle heading his own Terre Haute household with wife Leona and six-year-old son Gifford, Alec's great-grandfather."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-22-census-1920-terrehaute-dennisc-tuttle-household-gifford16-p1.jpg","c":"1920 census, Gifford Tuttle as a teenager","w":"This 1920 census finds Dennis Clark Tuttle's household still in Terre Haute, with son Gifford now sixteen and a few years from starting his own family."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-26-marriage-1902-vigoco-dennisclark-tuttle-leonamarie-alexander-register-p1.jpg","c":"Marriage record of Dennis and Leona Tuttle","w":"This Vigo County register records Dennis Clark Tuttle's marriage to Leona Marie Alexander on the last day of 1902, the couple whose son Gifford carried the family into the twentieth century."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-27-marriage-1923-rushco-gifford-tuttle-helen-knott-application-names-parents-p1.jpg","c":"Gifford and Helen's 1923 marriage application","w":"Gifford Herman Tuttle and Helen May Knott's 1923 marriage application names both of their parents, tying two more generations of the family together."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-36-familybible-marriages-p2-dennis-1902-gifford-1923-dorothy-1937.jpg","c":"Family Bible marriages, second page","w":"This marriage page records Dennis Clark Tuttle's 1902 wedding to Leona Marie Alexander and their son Gifford Herman Tuttle's 1923 wedding to Helen May Knott."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-37-familybible-deaths-incl-richardb-1884-dennis-1975.jpg","c":"Family Bible page recording deaths","w":"The family Bible's deaths page records Richard B. Tuttle's 1884 death along with the later deaths of Gifford Herman, Dennis Clark, and Leona Marie Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-70-marriage-1902-vigoco-recordofmarriages-p25-right-mother-emma-fuerstenburger-p1.jpg","c":"Dennis Tuttle's marriage record, mother's name","w":"The facing page of the 1902 marriage register names Dennis Clark Tuttle's mother, Emma Fuerstenberger, and his bride, Leona Alexander."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-71-census-1950-terrehaute-ed100-65-p9-dennis-leona-daughter-dorothy-stephens.jpg","c":"1950 census, Dennis and Leona Tuttle","w":"The 1950 census finds Dennis Clark Tuttle and his wife Leona living in Terre Haute with their grown daughter still nearby."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-21-census-1910-terrehaute-dennis-tuttle-household-gifford6-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1910 census household","w":"This continuing page lists the rest of Dennis and Leona Tuttle's household in Terre Haute in 1910."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-22-census-1920-terrehaute-dennisc-tuttle-household-gifford16-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1920 census household","w":"This continuing page fills out the 1920 household details for Dennis, Leona, and their son Gifford Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-26-marriage-1902-vigoco-dennisclark-tuttle-leonamarie-alexander-register-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1902 marriage register","w":"This continuing page of the register completes the official record of Dennis and Leona Tuttle's New Year's Eve wedding in 1902."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-27-marriage-1923-rushco-gifford-tuttle-helen-knott-application-names-parents-p2.jpg","c":"Marriage application, continued, second page","w":"This second page continues Gifford Herman Tuttle and Helen May Knott's 1923 marriage application from Rush County, Indiana."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-70-marriage-1902-vigoco-recordofmarriages-p25-right-mother-emma-fuerstenburger-p2.jpg","c":"Dennis Tuttle's marriage record, continued","w":"This continuation confirms Emma Fuerstenberger as Dennis Clark Tuttle's mother and records his marriage to Leona Alexander in 1902."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-21-census-1910-terrehaute-dennis-tuttle-household-gifford6-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1910 Terre Haute census","w":"This closing page completes the 1910 record of the family that would remain in Terre Haute for another generation."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-22-census-1920-terrehaute-dennisc-tuttle-household-gifford16-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1920 Terre Haute census","w":"This closing page completes the 1920 record, the middle of three straight censuses documenting this Terre Haute household."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-26-marriage-1902-vigoco-dennisclark-tuttle-leonamarie-alexander-register-p3.jpg","c":"Dennis and Leona's 1902 marriage, page three","w":"This continuation page of the Vigo County marriage register confirms Dennis Clark Tuttle married Leona Marie Alexander on December 31, 1902."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-27-marriage-1923-rushco-gifford-tuttle-helen-knott-application-names-parents-p3.jpg","c":"Marriage application, continued, third page","w":"This third page completes Gifford Herman Tuttle and Helen May Knott's 1923 marriage application from Rush County, Indiana."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"26":{"n":"Joseph McGee Knott","d":"b. 5 Mar 1851 (cert; Mar 1855 per 1900 census), Lowell, OH – d. 15 Jan 1932, Cedar Rapids, IA","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ RE-GRADED ‘part’ → ‘ok’, 6 Aug 2026, AT ALEC’S CHALLENGE [AUDIT-01]. The colour grades WHO THIS PERSON IS AND WHOSE CHILD THEY ARE — not whether every fact about them is known. Loose ends belong in Outstanding, below, and this node has some. They do not make the ancestor uncertain. Named on his daughter’s 1923 marriage application; four Terre Haute censuses; both his own parents Ohio-born (1910).
Outstanding: ✅ Death CLOSED 7 Aug 2026 [KNOTT-05/06]: d. 15 Jan 1932, Cedar Rapids, Iowa (indexed ‘NOTT’); buried Highland Lawn, Terre Haute. Parents named on the certificate — nodes 52/53. Birth-year variance 1851 (cert + ledger) vs Mar 1855 (1900 census) unresolved; the cert is the stronger pair. 57 years a steel-mill heater.
","s":"Joseph McGee Knott was born in Lowell, Ohio — 5 March 1851 by his death certificate, though the 1900 census suggests March 1855. He appears in four consecutive Terre Haute censuses and worked fifty-seven years as a steel-mill heater. He died on 15 January 1932 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and is buried at Highland Lawn Cemetery in Terre Haute. He is named as father on his daughter Helen's 1923 marriage application.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/a-death-certificate-1932-joseph-m-nott-full-page-iowa-death-records-1904-1951-img3418of5061-ark-3q9m-csq7-bsg1.jpg","c":"1932 Iowa death certificate for Joseph McGee Knott","w":"Joseph McGee Knott's 1932 Iowa death certificate, the record that finally revealed his parents' names after his whole life had been indexed under the wrong spelling of his own surname."},{"u":"img/-knott-06b-death-certificate-1932-joseph-m-nott-zoom-parents-benjamin-nott-and-margaret-birthplace-lowell-ohio.jpg","c":"Death certificate detail, Joseph Knott's parents named","w":"A close-up of Joseph Knott's death certificate naming his parents, Benjamin and Margaret Knott, and the small Ohio town of Lowell where that branch of the family began."},{"u":"img/knott-lamb-knott-06c-fs-index-entry-iowa-death-records-joseph-m-nott-cert572720-ark-1-1-q248-5bgl.jpg","c":"FamilySearch index entry for Joseph Knott's death","w":"The FamilySearch index entry for Joseph Knott's 1932 death, the small digital clue that led researchers to the fuller certificate behind it."},{"u":"img/-washington-co-ohio-po-lowell-p1-dw6-benjamin-nott-43-margaret-43-pj-15-williamf-13-josm-11-ark-33sq-gbsx-9phl.jpg","c":"1860 census, Washington County, Ohio — the Nott household","w":"The 1860 census catches Benjamin and Margaret Knott raising their children in Lowell, Ohio, including eleven-year-old Joseph, twenty years before he moved west to Iowa."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-27-marriage-1923-rushco-gifford-tuttle-helen-knott-application-names-parents-p1.jpg","c":"Gifford and Helen's 1923 marriage application","w":"Gifford Herman Tuttle and Helen May Knott's 1923 marriage application names both of their parents, tying two more generations of the family together."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-27-marriage-1923-rushco-gifford-tuttle-helen-knott-application-names-parents-p2.jpg","c":"Marriage application, continued, second page","w":"This second page continues Gifford Herman Tuttle and Helen May Knott's 1923 marriage application from Rush County, Indiana."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-27-marriage-1923-rushco-gifford-tuttle-helen-knott-application-names-parents-p3.jpg","c":"Marriage application, continued, third page","w":"This third page completes Gifford Herman Tuttle and Helen May Knott's 1923 marriage application from Rush County, Indiana."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"27":{"n":"Martha Lamb","d":"b. Aug 1870, Indiana","g":"ok","x":"Wrote and signed the postcard of her daughters Mildred and Helen, “Mama” — the only known specimen of her handwriting [KNOTT-22]. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ RE-GRADED ‘part’ → ‘ok’, 6 Aug 2026, AT ALEC’S CHALLENGE [AUDIT-01]. The colour grades WHO THIS PERSON IS AND WHOSE CHILD THEY ARE — not whether every fact about them is known. Loose ends belong in Outstanding, below, and this node has some. They do not make the ancestor uncertain. Married twice: first George Ford (their son Percy appears in the 1900 census), then Joseph Knott about 1897. Widowed, she was living in Gifford Tuttle’s household in 1940 — Alec’s grandfather grew up under the same roof as her.
Outstanding: No death record, no parents, no Indiana county.
⭐⭐ PARENTS ADDED 7 Aug 2026 (nodes 54/55, both ‘part’): Erwin R. Lamb & Melissa Bailey [KNOTT-08]. ⚠ Correction: KNOTT-04’s reading of the 1880 census wife “Mary E.” as her mother is WITHDRAWN — Mary E. was the second wife (Jackson-Hall); Martha is a first-marriage child. Her birth: 27 Aug 1865, Richmond, Wayne Co. [1945 cert] vs ~1862/3 [1880 census] — conflict noted at node 54.
","s":"Martha Lamb was born in Indiana — her death certificate gives 27 August 1865 at Richmond, in Wayne County, though the 1880 census suggests a birth closer to 1862 or 1863. She married twice: first George Ford, with whom she had a son, Percy, and then, about 1897, Joseph McGee Knott. Widowed, she was still living in her son-in-law Gifford Tuttle's household in 1940 — meaning Alec's own grandfather grew up under the same roof as her. A postcard of her two girls survives with her own pencilled note on the back: “My too sweet dauters, Mildred and Helen — Mama.”
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/photos-knott-mildred-and-helen-c1911-1913-reverse-inscription-by-their-mother.jpg","c":"The back of the postcard, written by their mother","w":"Martha Knott wrote “My too sweet dauters, Mildred and Helen” and signed it “Mama” — the only known sample of her handwriting, naming both her girls."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-27-marriage-1923-rushco-gifford-tuttle-helen-knott-application-names-parents-p1.jpg","c":"Gifford and Helen's 1923 marriage application","w":"Gifford Herman Tuttle and Helen May Knott's 1923 marriage application names both of their parents, tying two more generations of the family together."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-27-marriage-1923-rushco-gifford-tuttle-helen-knott-application-names-parents-p2.jpg","c":"Marriage application, continued, second page","w":"This second page continues Gifford Herman Tuttle and Helen May Knott's 1923 marriage application from Rush County, Indiana."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-27-marriage-1923-rushco-gifford-tuttle-helen-knott-application-names-parents-p3.jpg","c":"Marriage application, continued, third page","w":"This third page completes Gifford Herman Tuttle and Helen May Knott's 1923 marriage application from Rush County, Indiana."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"28":{"n":"Harry B. Frost","d":"b. Mar 1859/60 in England","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐ UPGRADED part → DOCUMENTED, 7 August 2026 — adversary pass CONFIRMED [FROST-21]. Five independent legs: the 1905 Paterson household [FROST-05]; the 1910 Bergen Co. census, Alan’s own line reading father England / mother New Jersey (re-verified at the public ark by the adversary) [FROST-15]; the 1915 Franklin Twp household [FROST-17]; Alan’s own 1942 draft card — ALAN CHALMERS FROST, b. 10 Feb 1903, Paterson [FROST-16]; and the 1896 Detroit marriage, Harry B. Frost × Kathaline Chalmers [FROST-19]. Born England ~1859/60, in the US from ~1865; a Paterson silk-city Englishman.
Outstanding: ⚠ The old “live conflict” is resolved — and self-correction #20: the “both parents English” answer was on the 1950 sample line [FROST-04], not the 1940 census, and is one loose answer against two direct enumerations. Still open: his death (Paterson? — he was 52 in 1915), arrival ~1865, naturalisation.
","s":"Harry B. Frost was born in England around 1859 or 1860 and had come to the United States by about 1865, settling in the silk-manufacturing city of Paterson, New Jersey. He married Katharine Chalmers in Detroit in 1896. He is believed to be the son of George and Frances Frost, also of Paterson, though that link is still being confirmed. His own death and naturalization have not yet been found.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/photos-frost-alan-c-as-an-infant-with-his-older-sister-and-brother-c1903-1904-studio.jpg","c":"Their three children, about 1903–04","w":"Alan, barely old enough to sit up, between his sister and brother in a studio garden set — and the two older children were named for their parents, Katherine and Harry, which is why the caption reads as though the parents were in it."}],"ev":[{"u":"img/frost-frost-27a-1880census-paterson-ed162-p245a-fullpage.jpg","c":"1880 census, Paterson — the George Frost household","w":"A full page of the 1880 census for Paterson, New Jersey, that confirmed George Frost's wife Frances was born in England, settling a small but nagging family question."},{"u":"img/frost-frost-27b-1880census-frost-household-zoom.jpg","c":"1880 census detail — the Frost household, Paterson","w":"A close-up of the Frost family's row on the 1880 census, showing George and Frances Frost with their children, including a son born right there in New Jersey."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-a3-1880census-frost-household-zoom-p245a.jpg","c":"1880 census, Paterson NJ — the Frost household, close-up","w":"A close-up from the 1880 census shows George Frost's household in Paterson, New Jersey, a silk manufacturer, his wife Frances, and sons already working in the mill."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-a3-1880census-paterson-nj-ed162-p245a-fullpage.jpg","c":"1880 census, Paterson NJ — the George Frost household","w":"The full 1880 census page recording the Frost family of Paterson, New Jersey, George, a silk manufacturer suffering from rheumatism, his wife Frances, and their children."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t1-morningcall-paterson-1feb1932-p3-obit-zoom1.jpg","c":"1932 obituary, Katharine Chalmers Frost, Paterson NJ","w":"The 1932 Paterson newspaper obituary for Katharine Chalmers Frost, born in East Orange, listing the children and sisters who survived her."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t1-morningcall-paterson-1feb1932-p3-obit-zoom2.jpg","c":"1932 obituary, Katharine Chalmers Frost, continued","w":"The obituary continues, naming her children Katherine, Harry Bell Frost, and Alan, and her sisters Margaret Jordan and Sarah Chalmers of East Orange."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t1-patersoneveningnews-1feb1932-p15-mrsharryfrost-obit-full.jpg","c":"1932 obituary — Katharine Chalmers Frost dies in Paterson","w":"The full newspaper announcement of Katharine Chalmers Frost's death in 1932, describing her twenty-five years living in Wyckoff before she died at Paterson General Hospital."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t1-patersoneveningnews-4feb1932-p26-womansclub-at-mrs-frosts-rites.jpg","c":"1932 news — the Woman's Club at Katharine Frost's funeral","w":"A short news item describing the Woman's Club members who attended Katharine Chalmers Frost's funeral, a small sign of how respected she was in Paterson."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t2-mi-marriage-register-1896-wayne-p436-fullpage.jpg","c":"1896 Michigan marriage register — Harry Frost and Katharine Chalmers","w":"The 1896 Michigan marriage register recording Harry Frost's wedding to Katharine Chalmers, and naming both sets of their parents, the single document that decided several open questions at once."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t2-mi-marriage-register-row21032-frost-x-chalmers-zoom.jpg","c":"1896 marriage record close-up, naming both sets of parents","w":"A close-up of the marriage record itself, showing Harry Frost's parents George Frost and Frances W. Bell, and Katharine Chalmers's parents Mathew Chalmers and Ellen King."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"29":{"n":"Katharine Chalmers","d":"b. Jan 1866, New Jersey","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐ UPGRADED part → DOCUMENTED, 7 August 2026 — adversary pass CONFIRMED [FROST-21]. Born New Jersey, Jan 1866, of two Scottish parents — which is what puts Scotland in the ancestry. The maiden name CHALMERS rests on two independent converging legs: the 1896 Detroit marriage index [FROST-19] and her son’s christened middle name (Alan Chalmers Frost, his own 1942 draft card [FROST-16]) — a naming pattern attested twice elsewhere in this family.
Outstanding: The Wayne Co. marriage record IMAGE is unpulled (index garbles her “Kathaline”). Her death: a Morning Call obituary of 1 Feb 1932 — but WHICH Morning Call (Paterson NJ or Allentown PA) is unsettled [FROST-20]. Ralph and Eleanor Frost [FROST-14] are not her children (three censuses, closed 1915 [FROST-17]) — nephews/nieces or the English Frost brothers’ families.
","s":"Katharine Chalmers was born in New Jersey in January 1866, the daughter of two Scottish immigrant parents. She married Harry B. Frost in Detroit in 1896, and gave her son the middle name Chalmers, echoing her own maiden name. An obituary dated 1 February 1932 is believed to be hers, though it is not yet certain which newspaper of that name it ran in.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/photos-frost-alan-c-as-an-infant-with-his-older-sister-and-brother-c1903-1904-studio.jpg","c":"Their three children, about 1903–04","w":"Alan, barely old enough to sit up, between his sister and brother in a studio garden set — and the two older children were named for their parents, Katherine and Harry, which is why the caption reads as though the parents were in it."}],"ev":[{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t1-morningcall-paterson-1feb1932-p3-obit-zoom1.jpg","c":"1932 obituary, Katharine Chalmers Frost, Paterson NJ","w":"The 1932 Paterson newspaper obituary for Katharine Chalmers Frost, born in East Orange, listing the children and sisters who survived her."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t1-morningcall-paterson-1feb1932-p3-obit-zoom2.jpg","c":"1932 obituary, Katharine Chalmers Frost, continued","w":"The obituary continues, naming her children Katherine, Harry Bell Frost, and Alan, and her sisters Margaret Jordan and Sarah Chalmers of East Orange."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t1-patersoneveningnews-1feb1932-p15-mrsharryfrost-obit-full.jpg","c":"1932 obituary — Katharine Chalmers Frost dies in Paterson","w":"The full newspaper announcement of Katharine Chalmers Frost's death in 1932, describing her twenty-five years living in Wyckoff before she died at Paterson General Hospital."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t1-patersoneveningnews-4feb1932-p26-womansclub-at-mrs-frosts-rites.jpg","c":"1932 news — the Woman's Club at Katharine Frost's funeral","w":"A short news item describing the Woman's Club members who attended Katharine Chalmers Frost's funeral, a small sign of how respected she was in Paterson."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t2-mi-marriage-register-1896-wayne-p436-fullpage.jpg","c":"1896 Michigan marriage register — Harry Frost and Katharine Chalmers","w":"The 1896 Michigan marriage register recording Harry Frost's wedding to Katharine Chalmers, and naming both sets of their parents, the single document that decided several open questions at once."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t2-mi-marriage-register-row21032-frost-x-chalmers-zoom.jpg","c":"1896 marriage record close-up, naming both sets of parents","w":"A close-up of the marriage record itself, showing Harry Frost's parents George Frost and Frances W. Bell, and Katharine Chalmers's parents Mathew Chalmers and Ellen King."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"30":{"n":"John G. Roush","d":"b. Sept 1876 Mason Co. WV – d. 21 Oct 1908","g":"ok","x":"His first dates ever, found 6 Aug 2026. Aged 20 at his marriage to Bertha E. Nease, 22 February 1897, Mason County — licence and clerk’s certificate, J. R. B. Smith, Clerk; married by D. W. Files, Evangelical Lutheran [ROUSH-40]. The 1900 census of Hartford village, Graham District, gives September 1876, born West Virginia, father born WV, mother born OHIO, married 3 years, with Bertha and daughters Nola (2) and an infant. Died 21 Oct 1908, a coal miner, killed by burns.
Outstanding: His own death record and burial. The 1900 birthplace (WV) is one year and one state adrift from the 1880 Sutton Twp., Ohio household — worth resolving.
","s":"John G. Roush was born in September 1876 in Mason County, West Virginia. He married Bertha Ellen Nease on 22 February 1897 in Mason County, at the age of twenty. The 1900 census finds the couple at Hartford village, Graham District, with their small daughters Nola and an infant. He worked as a coal miner and died on 21 October 1908, killed by burns.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/roush-roush-40a-mason-co-wv-marriage-licence-22-feb-1897-john-roush-20-x-bertha-e-nease-18-informant-a-nease.jpg","c":"1897 marriage license, John Roush and Bertha Nease","w":"The 1897 marriage license for John Roush and Bertha Nease in Mason County, West Virginia, a young couple of twenty and eighteen starting their life together."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"31":{"n":"Bertha Ellen Nease","d":"b. 12 January 1878, Mason Co. WV","g":"ok","x":"Her birth date is documented — West Virginia Register of Births, Mason County, p.353 line 1: 12 January [1878] · NEASE, BERTHA E. · father J. W. NEASE, FARMER, born Mason Co. · mother MARTHA NEASE · informant J. W. Nease, Father [ROUSH-39]. Aged 18 at her marriage in Feb 1897. Heads the 1910 Wagner, Mason Co. household as a widow with Florence, Iva M., Claud(ia) and Velma.
Outstanding: ⚠ Neither Bertha nor her father appears in the indexed 1880 census of Mason County — ONE missing household, not two negatives [ROUSH-49]. Her own death record would name both parents.
","s":"Bertha Ellen Nease was born on 12 January 1878 in Mason County, West Virginia, the daughter of Lewis J. Nease and Martha Jane Love. She married John G. Roush on 22 February 1897, at eighteen. Widowed by 1910, she headed her own household at Wagner, Mason County, raising her daughters Florence, Iva M., Claudia, and Velma alone.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/roush-roush-39a-wv-birth-register-mason-co-1878-bertha-e-nease-father-j-w-nease-farmer-mother-martha.jpg","c":"1878 West Virginia birth register for Bertha Nease","w":"Bertha Nease's 1878 West Virginia birth record, naming her father as a farmer called J. W. Nease and her mother as Martha, the first trace of that generation."},{"u":"img/roush-roush-40a-mason-co-wv-marriage-licence-22-feb-1897-john-roush-20-x-bertha-e-nease-18-informant-a-nease.jpg","c":"1897 marriage license, John Roush and Bertha Nease","w":"The 1897 marriage license for John Roush and Bertha Nease in Mason County, West Virginia, a young couple of twenty and eighteen starting their life together."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"32":{"n":"John T. Bell","d":"1841–1915 · only if Barbour holds","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Re-graded hypothesis → documented, 12 Aug 2026 [BELL-126], on adversarial review. The link is stated in words in three independent instruments: his own 1915 will — “I give, devise and bequeath to my beloved children John T. Bell, Jr., Mack Bell, Will A. Bell, Sallie Stallings, Ed Bell, Tom Bell, Mary McPherson and Ben F. Bell”; the Clayton Record’s obituary of Tom, 2 Sept 1921, calling him “a son of Mr. and Mrs. John Bell, Sr., pioneer citizens” and listing a sibling roster that matches the will seven for seven, down to a sister’s married name and town; and Tom’s own death index, naming his father John T Bell.
⭐ Strengthened 12 Aug 2026 [BELL-120], still a hypothesis. A John T. Bell is named first among the heirs cited to the 1925 settlement of William W. Bell’s estate in Barbour County, and the administrator’s account shows J. T. Bell paid for William’s burial and was reimbursed — which is what a brother does. William W. Bell was born 14 Feb 1839, two years before this John T. Bell, so the two were of an age: brothers, not father and son. That makes William Tom’s uncle and John his father, and it explains why Tom’s children inherited a nephew’s share.
Outstanding: ⚠ The block is a date. This node is dated d. 1915, but the 1925 citation summons a living John T. Bell who has just buried his brother. Either the memorial is wrong or there were two men of the name — and Tom’s obituary calling his father “John Bell Sr.” implies a Junior. Until that is settled this stays a hypothesis.
Father of Thomas Jefferson Bell; m. Sarah Ann Cox 7 Mar 1861. Named in the Alabama death index entry for Thomas Jefferson Bell (1921), and now ALSO in his own obituary — Montgomery Advertiser, 30 Nov 1915: b. 10 Jun 1841, d. 6 Nov 1915 near Louisville, Barbour Co.; “married in March 1861 to Miss Sallie Cox”; “father of eleven children, eight of whom live to mourn his loss”; his parents came from Darlington, S.C. c.1830 [BELL-39]. The pair themselves are documented twice over — what is unproven is whether they are Alec’s.
Outstanding: Depends entirely on the Barbour identification below him. Top test: his 1915 estate/heirs list (Barbour probate, FS full-text) — Thomas Jefferson Bell among the eight surviving children would be the two-way tie-in.
10 Aug 2026 [BELL-66]: Tom’s 1921 obituary styles him “son of John Bell, Sr.” — a second-generation statement consistent with this node; brothers Mack, Will, Ben, Ed, John of Louisville/Clayton = the sibling map.
","s":"John T. Bell was born on 10 June 1841 and died on 6 November 1915 near Louisville, in Barbour County, Alabama. His obituary in the Montgomery Advertiser recorded that he married “Miss Sallie Cox” in March 1861, that his own parents had come from Darlington, South Carolina, around 1830, and that he was survived by eight of his eleven children. He is believed — pending final confirmation of the Barbour County identification — to be the father of Thomas Jefferson Bell, and so a link further back in Alec's own line.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/ate-of-will-of-john-t-bell-full-heirs-list-incl-tom-bell-barbour-orphan-records-1915-1924-ark-3q9m-c953-79r5-4.jpg","c":"1915 probate petition, John T. Bell's heirs including son Tom","w":"A 1915 court petition filed after John T. Bell's death lists his heirs, including a son called Tom Bell who may be the missing link to later generations."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"33":{"n":"Sarah Ann “Sallie” Cox","d":"24 Aug 1841 – 11 Mar 1910; m. J. T. Bell 7 Mar 1861, Barbour Co.","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Re-graded probable → documented, 12 Aug 2026 [BELL-130]. The 1880 census of Louisville, Barbour County enumerates Thomas J. Bell, aged about four, with his parents named: SARAH BELL and JOHN T. BELL. That is the direct statement of maternity this node had always lacked — and it was the exact converter the previous adversarial review specified.
⭐ Re-graded hypothesis → probable, 12 Aug 2026 [BELL-125]. Sarah Cox married J. T. Bell on 7 March 1861 in Barbour County, per the county marriage index — so the maiden name this chart had carried on a memorial’s authority alone is now attested by a record. She appears again in 1888, signing a railway right-of-way deed beside her husband as “Sarah A Bell”: a wife joins her husband’s deed to relinquish dower, which is what identifies her on it. A daughter married in 1886 was named Sallie for her.
Outstanding: ⚠ Not documented, because no record yet names her as Thomas Jefferson Bell’s mother in words — that follows from her being John T. Bell’s wife across the years Tom was born. Her parents are unknown. The will of 1915 has not been read and may mention her, though she died five years before her husband.
","s":"Sarah Cox married John T. Bell on 7 March 1861 in Barbour County, Alabama. He was twenty; the war began the following month.
They raised a large family — at least eight sons and two daughters survived to be named in his will twenty-five years after her death — and one of those sons was Thomas Jefferson Bell. In April 1888 she signed her name beside her husband’s on a deed selling a right of way to the Eufaula & East Alabama Railway, giving up her dower in about forty-six acres of it.
She died in 1910, five years before John, and by the time his will was probated no widow was named.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"36":{"n":"Joseph William “Joel W.” Eakins","d":"b. Dec 1838/39 NC – 1902 MS","g":"ok","x":"1880 census, Lauderdale Co., Mississippi [BELL-08], with son Andrew J. aged 0. m. Sarah Hudson Payne 1861.
","s":"Joseph William “Joel W.” Eakins was born in December 1838 or 1839 in North Carolina and died in 1902 in Mississippi. He married Sarah Hudson Payne in 1861, and the 1880 census finds the family in Lauderdale County, Mississippi, with their infant son Andrew Jackson.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"37":{"n":"Sarah Hudson Payne","d":"1842 MS – 1908","g":"ok","x":"Outstanding: The Payne family is unworked.
","s":"Sarah Hudson Payne was born in 1842 in Mississippi and died in 1908. Little else about her family has yet been researched.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"38":{"n":"Joseph L. Swain","d":"b. 1861, Mississippi","g":"ok","x":"1900 census, Election Precinct 6, York, Sumter Co. [SWAIN-01], with Maggie enumerated among his children — that is the link.
Outstanding: His marriage to Dillon Simmons, Sumter Co. c.1875–84, not yet found.
10 Aug 2026 [SWAIN-10/-VERDICT]: TWO register-sourced marriages: (1) Eugenia Simmons, 10 Feb 1884 (J. M. Patton, minister); (2) her sister Rebecca A. D. Simmons, 23 Dec 1885 (D. C. Langford, minister — image SWAIN-10b, the transcriber’s own “ai” correction). Both brides daughters of Ben × Adline (78/79). Which children belong to which mother is OPEN — the Patton/Langford naming echoes suggest a blended household; the 1900 fertility columns and the Bloebaum certificate are the resolvers.
","s":"Joseph L. Swain was born in 1861 in Mississippi. The 1900 census places him at Election Precinct 6, York, in Sumter County, Alabama, with his daughter Maggie among his children — the record that ties her to him. County marriage registers show him married twice: to Eugenia Simmons on 10 February 1884, and, after her death or their separation, to her sister Rebecca A. D. Simmons on 23 December 1885. Both women were daughters of Ben and Adline Simmons.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/swain-swain-10b-wpa-register-23-dec-1885-jl-swain-x-rebecca-ad-simmons-img21.jpg","c":"1885 marriage register, Joseph Swain and Rebecca Simmons","w":"The 1885 marriage register recording Joseph Swain's wedding to Rebecca Simmons, his second marriage into the same family after her sister Eugenia had died young."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"39":{"n":"Dillon Simmons","d":"of York and Cuba, Sumter Co. AL","g":"ok","x":"Named on her son Joseph Langford Swain’s 1946 New Orleans death certificate [SWAIN-02]. Maggie Dillon Swain was named for her — a middle name nobody could explain for three generations.
Outstanding: Simmons is an entirely new surname; the distinctive given name should make her findable in 1860/1870.
⭐ Candidate marriage record, 7 Aug 2026 [SWAIN-04] — HYPOTHESIS only (adversary: identity equation REFUTED as fact): Sumter Co. WPA marriage index, “J. L. Swain × EUGENIA Simmons, 10 Feb 1884, lic. 346, minister J. M. Patton” (the couple’s son was named Patton). No document links ‘Eugenia’ and ‘Dillon’ to one woman; Leila’s and Patton’s birth years untested against the date. Bridging tests: the license IMAGE, the elder children’s ages, the York stone, Maggie Bloebaum’s 1985 death record.
10 Aug 2026 [SWAIN-10-VERDICT]: HYPOTHESIS held, not adopted: that she = “Rebecca A. D. Simmons” (1870’s Rebecca 6 = 1880’s Dellon 16, b. ~1864), the 23 Dec 1885 bride. The adversary refused the rename pending the Bloebaum 1985 death certificate and the Leila/Patton chronology. Her parents (78/79) stand regardless — both candidate sisters share them.
","s":"Dillon Simmons lived in and around York and Cuba, in Sumter County, Alabama. She is named as mother on her son Joseph Langford Swain's 1946 death certificate, and her granddaughter Maggie Dillon Swain carried her name onward — a middle name that puzzled the family for three generations before it was traced back to her. Research has considered whether she might be the same woman as Rebecca A. D. Simmons, one of two sisters who each married Joseph L. Swain, but that identification remains an open question rather than a settled fact.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/swain-swain-09a-1880-census-ben-simmons-household-cuba-ed176.jpg","c":"1880 census, Cuba, Alabama — the Ben Simmons household","w":"The 1880 census lists Ben and Adline Simmons's children by name, including sixteen-year-old Dillon, confirming her parents even as it raised a new puzzle about her sisters."},{"u":"img/swain-swain-10a-1870-census-benj-a-simons-household-cuba.jpg","c":"1870 census, Cuba, Alabama — the Simmons household","w":"The 1870 census catches the Simmons family a decade earlier, with a six-year-old daughter named Rebecca who researchers believe grew up to become Dillon Simmons."},{"u":"img/swain-swain-10b-wpa-register-23-dec-1885-jl-swain-x-rebecca-ad-simmons-img21.jpg","c":"1885 marriage register, Joseph Swain and Rebecca Simmons","w":"The 1885 marriage register recording Joseph Swain's wedding to Rebecca Simmons, his second marriage into the same family after her sister Eugenia had died young."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"40":{"n":"Caswell Massey Stephens","d":"8 Jan 1852 Sumter Co. – 17 Feb 1935","g":"ok","x":"Died at Halsell, Choctaw Co.; buried Siloam Cemetery. m. Ava Marilla Shelton 1871; second wife Isabella Britt 1891.
Outstanding: Tree-sourced (7 sources); census images not yet pulled.
","s":"Caswell Massey Stephens was born on 8 January 1852 in Sumter County, Alabama, and died on 17 February 1935 at Halsell, in Choctaw County, where he is buried at Siloam Cemetery. He married Ava Marilla Shelton in 1871, and after her death married a second wife, Isabella Britt, in 1891.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"41":{"n":"Ava Marilla Shelton","d":"1839–1891","g":"ok","x":"m. 5 Oct 1871, Sumter Co. Mother of John Willis Stephens.
","s":"Ava Marilla Shelton was born in 1839 and died in 1891. She married Caswell Massey Stephens on 5 October 1871 in Sumter County, Alabama, and was the mother of John Willis Stephens.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"42":{"n":"Francis R. Williams","d":"Greene / Clarke Co., Mississippi","g":"ok","x":"Opened 5 Aug 2026 with Mary Price Williams’s parentage.
Outstanding: Nothing above him.
","s":"Francis R. Williams lived in Greene or Clarke County, Mississippi, and was the father of Mary Price Williams. Nothing further is yet known of his own life.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"43":{"n":"Mary J. Lewis","d":"Greene / Clarke Co., Mississippi","g":"ok","x":"Outstanding: Nothing above her.
","s":"Mary J. Lewis lived in Greene or Clarke County, Mississippi. No further details of her life have yet been found.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"44":{"n":"William Curtis Truett","d":"25 Jul 1867 – 21 Dec 1925","g":"ok","x":"Died at New Prospect, Clarke Co.; buried New Prospect Cemetery. Appears as a child in the 1880 census household that ties three Truett generations together on one page. m. Amanda Webb 17 Jun 1886.
","s":"William Curtis Truett was born on 25 July 1867 and died on 21 December 1925 at New Prospect, in Clarke County, Alabama, where he is buried. As a child he appears in an 1880 census household that ties together three generations of the Truett family. He married Amanda Webb on 17 June 1886.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"45":{"n":"Amanda Webb","d":"b. 1868","g":"ok","x":"m. 17 Jun 1886, Clarke Co., AL.
Outstanding: Webb family unworked.
","s":"Amanda Webb was born in 1868 and married William Curtis Truett on 17 June 1886 in Clarke County, Alabama. Her own family has not yet been researched.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"46":{"n":"“Calm” Lawrence","d":"Clarke Co., Alabama","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ RE-GRADED ‘part’ → ‘ok’, 6 Aug 2026, AT ALEC’S CHALLENGE [AUDIT-01]. The colour grades WHO THIS PERSON IS AND WHOSE CHILD THEY ARE — not whether every fact about them is known. Loose ends belong in Outstanding, below, and this node has some. They do not make the ancestor uncertain. Sennie’s father, known only from an index entry.
Outstanding: “Calm” is an index mangling — almost certainly Calvin. The 1900 Coffeeville census image reads it properly.
","s":"“Calm” Lawrence — the name most likely a records clerk's mangling of “Calvin” — lived in Clarke County, Alabama, and was the father of Sennie E. Lawrence. He is known only from an index entry; no other record of him has yet been found.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"47":{"n":"Eliza A. Lawrence","d":"Clarke Co., Alabama","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ RE-GRADED ‘part’ → ‘ok’, 6 Aug 2026, AT ALEC’S CHALLENGE [AUDIT-01]. The colour grades WHO THIS PERSON IS AND WHOSE CHILD THEY ARE — not whether every fact about them is known. Loose ends belong in Outstanding, below, and this node has some. They do not make the ancestor uncertain.
Outstanding: Same census image.
","s":"Eliza A. Lawrence lived in Clarke County, Alabama, and was the mother of Sennie E. Lawrence. No further record of her life has yet surfaced.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"48":{"n":"Richard B. Tuttle","d":"24 Mar 1858 – 17 Dec 1884","g":"ok","x":"Miller. m. Emma Fuerstenberger 12 Oct 1881, Vigo Co.; died eight months after his son Dennis was born. ⭐ His earliest record found 6 Aug 2026: aged 2 in the 1860 census of Otter Creek Township, Vigo County, in his father’s house — with an elder brother DENNIS, aged 4, after whom he named his own son [TUTTLE-13].
Outstanding: His actual death record and burial are still unpulled, and nobody knows why he and Emma were at Peoria, Illinois in 1884.
","s":"Richard B. Tuttle was born on 24 March 1858 and worked as a miller. As a small child he appears, aged two, in the 1860 census of Otter Creek Township, Vigo County, Indiana, alongside an older brother named Dennis, aged four — the name he later gave his own son. He married Emma Fuerstenberger on 12 October 1881 in Vigo County, and died on 17 December 1884, only eight months after his son Dennis was born.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/tuttle-tuttle-13b-1860-census-otter-creek-twp-children-ed-em-dennis-4-richard-2-and-gersham-marks-laborer.jpg","c":"1860 census, Otter Creek Twp — the Tuttle children, Richard age two","w":"This 1860 census line is the earliest record of two-year-old Richard Tuttle, shown here with an older brother named Dennis, whose name he later gave his own son."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-17-census-1860-vigoco-ottercreek-clarks-tuttle-w-dennis4-richard2-p1.jpg","c":"1860 census, Clark Tuttle the prosperous miller","w":"This 1860 census records Clark Strong Tuttle as a well-off miller with his wife Nancy and young son Richard, Alec's third-great-grandfather, listed at age two."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-18-census-1870-vigoco-ottercreek-clark-tutle-w-dennis15-dick13-p1.jpg","c":"1870 census, the family under a misspelled name","w":"This 1870 census, indexed as Clark Tutle rather than Tuttle, lists wife Nancy and sons Frank, Dennis, and Dick, the last being Richard B. Tuttle at age thirteen."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-19-census-1880-terrehaute-nancyann-tuttle-head-richardb-son-p1.jpg","c":"1880 census, Richard Tuttle as a young miller","w":"This 1880 census shows Richard B. Tuttle, age twenty-two and already a miller like his father, living in his widowed mother Nancy's Terre Haute household."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-25-marriage-1881-vigoco-richardb-tuttle-emma-fuerstenberger-register-p1.jpg","c":"Marriage record of Richard Tuttle and Emma Fuerstenberger","w":"This 1881 Vigo County marriage register records Richard B. Tuttle's marriage to Emma Fuerstenberger, the couple whose son Dennis carried the family to the next generation."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-28-deathindex-1884-richardb-tuttle-indiana-wpa.jpg","c":"Richard Tuttle's 1884 death record","w":"The Indiana death index confirms Richard B. Tuttle died in Terre Haute on December 17, 1884, at just twenty-six years old."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-30-terrehaute-tribune-1947-markle-column-tuttle-generations-p1.jpg","c":"1947 newspaper column on the Tuttles","w":"A 1947 Terre Haute newspaper genealogy column traced the Tuttle family from patriot Gershom Tuttle through his son the colonel down to Clark Strong and Richard Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-33-familybible-births-p1-clarks-1811-children-incl-richardb-1858.jpg","c":"Family Bible page recording births","w":"The Tuttle family Bible's births page records Clark Strong Tuttle's own 1811 birth and lists his son Richard B. Tuttle's 1858 birth among the children."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-37-familybible-deaths-incl-richardb-1884-dennis-1975.jpg","c":"Family Bible page recording deaths","w":"The family Bible's deaths page records Richard B. Tuttle's 1884 death along with the later deaths of Gifford Herman, Dennis Clark, and Leona Marie Tuttle."},{"u":"img/nce-derived-sar-69-marriage-1902-vigoco-recordofmarriages-p25-left-dennis-father-richard-tuttle-born-peoria-p1.jpg","c":"Dennis Tuttle's 1902 marriage record","w":"This 1902 Vigo County marriage register entry names Dennis Clark Tuttle, born in Peoria, and his father, Richard Tuttle, proving the family link."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-17-census-1860-vigoco-ottercreek-clarks-tuttle-w-dennis4-richard2-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1860 census, the Tuttle children","w":"This continuing page lists the Tuttle children by name and age, including two-year-old Richard and his older half-siblings."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-18-census-1870-vigoco-ottercreek-clark-tutle-w-dennis15-dick13-p2.jpg","c":"Second page listing the rest of the household","w":"This continuing page names the rest of the 1870 household, Harriet and Dolly Tuttle, alongside Dick, the census taker's version of Richard's name."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-19-census-1880-terrehaute-nancyann-tuttle-head-richardb-son-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1880 Terre Haute census","w":"This continuing page confirms Richard B. Tuttle's birthplace and his mother Nancy's household in Terre Haute in 1880."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-25-marriage-1881-vigoco-richardb-tuttle-emma-fuerstenberger-register-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1881 marriage register","w":"This continuing page of the marriage register gives further license details for Richard Tuttle and Emma Fuerstenberger's 1881 wedding."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-30-terrehaute-tribune-1947-markle-column-tuttle-generations-p2.jpg","c":"Newspaper column, continued, second page","w":"This second page continues the 1947 Terre Haute Tribune's account of the Tuttle family's generations, from patriot Gershom Tuttle down to Clark Strong Tuttle."},{"u":"img/nce-derived-sar-69-marriage-1902-vigoco-recordofmarriages-p25-left-dennis-father-richard-tuttle-born-peoria-p2.jpg","c":"Dennis Tuttle's marriage record, continued","w":"This continuation of the 1902 marriage register confirms Dennis Clark Tuttle's birthplace and his father Richard Tuttle's name."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-17-census-1860-vigoco-ottercreek-clarks-tuttle-w-dennis4-richard2-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1860 Otter Creek census","w":"This closing page completes the household count, showing the hired hands and servant that came with Clark Tuttle's milling fortune."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-18-census-1870-vigoco-ottercreek-clark-tutle-w-dennis15-dick13-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1870 Otter Creek census","w":"This closing page completes the 1870 census record that keeps the family in Vigo County between the 1860 and 1880 counts."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-19-census-1880-terrehaute-nancyann-tuttle-head-richardb-son-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1880 census record","w":"This closing page completes the 1880 household record, the last census before Richard's marriage the following year."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-25-marriage-1881-vigoco-richardb-tuttle-emma-fuerstenberger-register-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the marriage record","w":"This closing page completes the official record of Richard and Emma Tuttle's marriage in Vigo County."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-30-terrehaute-tribune-1947-markle-column-tuttle-generations-p3.jpg","c":"Newspaper column, continued, third page","w":"This third page finishes the 1947 newspaper's tracing of the Tuttle family from patriot Gershom Tuttle down to Richard B. Tuttle in Vigo County."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"49":{"n":"Emma S. Fuerstenberger","d":"Jul 1863 Terre Haute – 9 Apr 1926","g":"ok","x":"Married three times — Richard B. Tuttle 1881, Hamilton B. Martin 1891, Gifford H. Spear 1894. Her son named his own firstborn Gifford, almost certainly for the stepfather who raised him: a name that looked arbitrary for four generations is a small monument. Corroborated as Dennis’s mother twice over — the 1934 Andrews probate and the 1902 marriage register.
","s":"Emma S. Fuerstenberger was born in July 1863 in Terre Haute, Indiana, and died there on 9 April 1926. Widowed young, she married three times in all — first Richard B. Tuttle in 1881, then Hamilton B. Martin in 1891, and finally Gifford H. Spear in 1894. Her son Dennis later named his own firstborn Gifford, almost certainly in honor of the stepfather who helped raise him.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-25-marriage-1881-vigoco-richardb-tuttle-emma-fuerstenberger-register-p1.jpg","c":"Marriage record of Richard Tuttle and Emma Fuerstenberger","w":"This 1881 Vigo County marriage register records Richard B. Tuttle's marriage to Emma Fuerstenberger, the couple whose son Dennis carried the family to the next generation."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-37-familybible-deaths-incl-richardb-1884-dennis-1975.jpg","c":"Family Bible page recording deaths","w":"The family Bible's deaths page records Richard B. Tuttle's 1884 death along with the later deaths of Gifford Herman, Dennis Clark, and Leona Marie Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-70-marriage-1902-vigoco-recordofmarriages-p25-right-mother-emma-fuerstenburger-p1.jpg","c":"Dennis Tuttle's marriage record, mother's name","w":"The facing page of the 1902 marriage register names Dennis Clark Tuttle's mother, Emma Fuerstenberger, and his bride, Leona Alexander."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-78-marriage-1891-emma-tuttle-hamilton-martin-screenshots-p1.jpg","c":"Emma Tuttle's 1891 remarriage record","w":"This record shows the widowed Emma Tuttle, born Fuerstenberger, remarrying Hamilton B. Martin in Vigo County in 1891."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-78-marriage-1891-vigoco-index-emma-tuttle-remarried-hamilton-b-martin-p1.jpg","c":"Index entry for Emma Tuttle's remarriage","w":"This county marriage index lists Emma Tuttle's 1891 marriage to Hamilton B. Martin, confirming she outlived her first husband, Richard Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-25-marriage-1881-vigoco-richardb-tuttle-emma-fuerstenberger-register-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1881 marriage register","w":"This continuing page of the marriage register gives further license details for Richard Tuttle and Emma Fuerstenberger's 1881 wedding."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-70-marriage-1902-vigoco-recordofmarriages-p25-right-mother-emma-fuerstenburger-p2.jpg","c":"Dennis Tuttle's marriage record, continued","w":"This continuation confirms Emma Fuerstenberger as Dennis Clark Tuttle's mother and records his marriage to Leona Alexander in 1902."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-78-marriage-1891-emma-tuttle-hamilton-martin-screenshots-p2.jpg","c":"Emma Tuttle's remarriage record, continued","w":"This continuation confirms the details of Emma Tuttle's 1891 remarriage to Hamilton B. Martin after Richard Tuttle's death."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-78-marriage-1891-vigoco-index-emma-tuttle-remarried-hamilton-b-martin-p2.jpg","c":"Remarriage index entry, continued","w":"This continuation of the county index confirms the 1891 marriage entry for the widowed Emma Tuttle and Hamilton B. Martin."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-25-marriage-1881-vigoco-richardb-tuttle-emma-fuerstenberger-register-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the marriage record","w":"This closing page completes the official record of Richard and Emma Tuttle's marriage in Vigo County."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"50":{"n":"William Alexander","d":"of Clinton, Vermillion Co., IN","g":"part","x":"Named in the bride’s columns of the 1902 Vigo County marriage register [ALEX-03].
Outstanding: Read across a register fold — corroborate with the 1880/1900 censuses and the Alexander × Fletcher marriage.
","s":"William Alexander lived at Clinton, in Vermillion County, Indiana. He is named as father of the bride in the 1902 Vigo County marriage register recording his daughter Leona's wedding — the record that identifies him, though it still awaits corroboration from census records.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/02-vigoco-recordofmarriages-p25-continuation-bride-leona-born-clinton-father-wm-alexander-mother-mary-fletcher.jpg","c":"1902 marriage register, Vigo County — Leona Alexander's parents named","w":"This 1902 marriage record for Dennis Tuttle and Leona Alexander also named her parents, William Alexander and Mary Fletcher, opening up an entirely new branch of the family."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"51":{"n":"Mary Elizabeth Fletcher","d":"d. 1934","g":"ok","x":"Widowed, she lived in Dennis and Leona’s household in 1910, 1920 AND 1930 — a forty-year presence in the house that corroborates this generation independently of the register. Her death is in the family Bible.
Outstanding: Her 1934 Terre Haute death record would name the Fletcher generation above.
","s":"Mary Elizabeth Fletcher was widowed and lived in the household of her daughter Leona and son-in-law Dennis Tuttle across the 1910, 1920, and 1930 censuses — a forty-year presence in their home. Her death, recorded in the family Bible, came in 1934.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/02-vigoco-recordofmarriages-p25-continuation-bride-leona-born-clinton-father-wm-alexander-mother-mary-fletcher.jpg","c":"1902 marriage register, Vigo County — Leona Alexander's parents named","w":"This 1902 marriage record for Dennis Tuttle and Leona Alexander also named her parents, William Alexander and Mary Fletcher, opening up an entirely new branch of the family."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-37-familybible-deaths-incl-richardb-1884-dennis-1975.jpg","c":"Family Bible page recording deaths","w":"The family Bible's deaths page records Richard B. Tuttle's 1884 death along with the later deaths of Gifford Herman, Dennis Clark, and Leona Marie Tuttle."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"56":{"n":"George Frost","d":"Paterson, New Jersey","g":"part","x":"Named as Harry B. Frost’s father on the 1896 Detroit marriage record [FROST-19], and heads the 1880 Paterson census household with Harry (b. 1860 England) and siblings Frank, Charles, Mary and Morris. ⭐ 8 Aug 2026 [FROST-23/-VERDICT]: Trumbull's 1882 Industrial Paterson ('GEORGE FROST & SONS… his two sons, Frank and Harry B.', Albion Mill, Macclesfield origin) and the 1917 Cedar Lawn brothers' lot independently corroborate the family — adversary held the grade at Probable: neither ties the mill's Harry B. to the Detroit bridegroom.
Outstanding: FLIP CONDITION — the 1880 Paterson census IMAGE or the 1896 Wayne Co. marriage IMAGE = the second leg to ok. Held at Probable — one index source names the link; the Wayne Co. marriage image and the 1880 image are the records to pull. (The earlier note that “no supporting record appears in FROST-00” was corrected 7 Aug 2026 — the record was in the file’s other fork; see self-correction #19.)
","s":"George Frost lived in Paterson, New Jersey, where an 1882 industrial history of the city describes “George Frost & Sons” and names his two sons, Frank and Harry B., tracing the family's origin to Macclesfield, England. He is named as Harry B. Frost's father on Harry's 1896 Detroit marriage record, and heads an 1880 Paterson census household that includes Harry, then recorded as born in England around 1860, along with siblings Frank, Charles, Mary, and Morris. The link between this Paterson mill-owning family and Harry the bridegroom is well supported but not yet locked down by a single decisive record.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/frost-frost-27a-1880census-paterson-ed162-p245a-fullpage.jpg","c":"1880 census, Paterson — the George Frost household","w":"A full page of the 1880 census for Paterson, New Jersey, that confirmed George Frost's wife Frances was born in England, settling a small but nagging family question."},{"u":"img/frost-frost-27b-1880census-frost-household-zoom.jpg","c":"1880 census detail — the Frost household, Paterson","w":"A close-up of the Frost family's row on the 1880 census, showing George and Frances Frost with their children, including a son born right there in New Jersey."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-a3-1880census-frost-household-zoom-p245a.jpg","c":"1880 census, Paterson NJ — the Frost household, close-up","w":"A close-up from the 1880 census shows George Frost's household in Paterson, New Jersey, a silk manufacturer, his wife Frances, and sons already working in the mill."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-a3-1880census-paterson-nj-ed162-p245a-fullpage.jpg","c":"1880 census, Paterson NJ — the George Frost household","w":"The full 1880 census page recording the Frost family of Paterson, New Jersey, George, a silk manufacturer suffering from rheumatism, his wife Frances, and their children."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t2-mi-marriage-register-1896-wayne-p436-fullpage.jpg","c":"1896 Michigan marriage register — Harry Frost and Katharine Chalmers","w":"The 1896 Michigan marriage register recording Harry Frost's wedding to Katharine Chalmers, and naming both sets of their parents, the single document that decided several open questions at once."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t2-mi-marriage-register-row21032-frost-x-chalmers-zoom.jpg","c":"1896 marriage record close-up, naming both sets of parents","w":"A close-up of the marriage record itself, showing Harry Frost's parents George Frost and Frances W. Bell, and Katharine Chalmers's parents Mathew Chalmers and Ellen King."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"57":{"n":"Frances W. Bell","d":"Paterson, New Jersey","g":"part","x":"Named as Harry B. Frost’s mother on the 1896 Detroit marriage record [FROST-19]. (The surname is coincidence — no relation to the Alabama Bells: two unrelated Bell families in one pedigree.)
Outstanding: Same single source as her husband — held at Probable until the marriage image or the 1880 census image is pulled.
","s":"Frances W. Bell lived in Paterson, New Jersey, and is named as Harry B. Frost's mother on his 1896 Detroit marriage record. Her surname is a coincidence — this Bell family has no connection to the Alabama Bells elsewhere in this history — and no further record of her has yet been found.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/frost-frost-27a-1880census-paterson-ed162-p245a-fullpage.jpg","c":"1880 census, Paterson — the George Frost household","w":"A full page of the 1880 census for Paterson, New Jersey, that confirmed George Frost's wife Frances was born in England, settling a small but nagging family question."},{"u":"img/frost-frost-27b-1880census-frost-household-zoom.jpg","c":"1880 census detail — the Frost household, Paterson","w":"A close-up of the Frost family's row on the 1880 census, showing George and Frances Frost with their children, including a son born right there in New Jersey."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-a3-1880census-frost-household-zoom-p245a.jpg","c":"1880 census, Paterson NJ — the Frost household, close-up","w":"A close-up from the 1880 census shows George Frost's household in Paterson, New Jersey, a silk manufacturer, his wife Frances, and sons already working in the mill."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-a3-1880census-paterson-nj-ed162-p245a-fullpage.jpg","c":"1880 census, Paterson NJ — the George Frost household","w":"The full 1880 census page recording the Frost family of Paterson, New Jersey, George, a silk manufacturer suffering from rheumatism, his wife Frances, and their children."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t2-mi-marriage-register-1896-wayne-p436-fullpage.jpg","c":"1896 Michigan marriage register — Harry Frost and Katharine Chalmers","w":"The 1896 Michigan marriage register recording Harry Frost's wedding to Katharine Chalmers, and naming both sets of their parents, the single document that decided several open questions at once."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t2-mi-marriage-register-row21032-frost-x-chalmers-zoom.jpg","c":"1896 marriage record close-up, naming both sets of parents","w":"A close-up of the marriage record itself, showing Harry Frost's parents George Frost and Frances W. Bell, and Katharine Chalmers's parents Mathew Chalmers and Ellen King."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"60":{"n":"Moses B. Roush","d":"1842 – 23 Aug 1925, Mason Co. WV","g":"ok","x":"Private, Co. A and Co. B, 28th Ohio Infantry — Ohio’s “2nd German Regiment” — entered 23 Jul 1864, discharged 6 Jul 1865. Invalid pension app. 347,662 / cert. 323,081 filed 1880; widow’s app. 1,236,693 / cert. A 8-19-26. His 1925 West Virginia death certificate is what named both his parents. m. Sarah Duckworth 1 Sep 1870, Orange Twp., Meigs Co., Ohio [ROUSH-20, ROUSH-28, ROUSH-30].
Outstanding: His NARA pension file — the widow’s file especially, which had to prove the 1911 remarriage. NATF Form 85 worksheet written [ACTION ⑧].
","s":"Moses B. Roush was born in 1842 and served as a private in Companies A and B of the 28th Ohio Infantry, known as Ohio's “2nd German Regiment,” enlisting on 23 July 1864 and discharged on 6 July 1865. He filed for an invalid pension in 1880 based on his service. He married Sarah Duckworth on 1 September 1870 in Orange Township, Meigs County, Ohio. He died on 23 August 1925 in Mason County, West Virginia; his death certificate is the record that named both of his parents.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/roush-roush-22a-moses-b-roush-pension-payment-card-28th-ohio-died-1925.jpg","c":"Pension payment card for Moses B. Roush","w":"Moses Roush's veteran pension payment card, which corrected a mistaken family record and proved he served in the 28th Ohio Infantry rather than the regiment once wrongly credited to him."},{"u":"img/roush-roush-22b-moses-roush-general-index-card-co-b-a-28th-ohio-infantry.jpg","c":"Civil War service index card, Moses Roush","w":"A Civil War service card confirming Moses Roush served as a private in both Company A and Company B of the 28th Ohio Volunteer Infantry."},{"u":"img/ush-roush-28a-pension-index-card-moses-b-roush-co-a-and-b-28th-ohio-enlisted-23-jul-1864-discharged-6-jul-1865.jpg","c":"Pension index card, Moses B. Roush's Civil War service","w":"This pension index card pins Moses Roush's Civil War service down to the day, enlisted 23 July 1864 and discharged 6 July 1865, and records his death in 1925."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"61":{"n":"Sarah Mary Duckworth","d":"c.1851 Pennsylvania – 1881","g":"ok","x":"Born in Pennsylvania between the family’s Atlantic crossing and their move to Ohio — the only one of the children born in that gap, which is what dates the crossing to c. June 1850 × 1851. m. Moses B. Roush 1 Sep 1870 at Orange Township, Meigs Co., Ohio [ROUSH-29, ROUSH-30].
Outstanding: ⚠ No document names her father outright. The Duckworth parentage rests on the 1860 Syracuse household plus her siblings’ records — very probable, not proven.
","s":"Sarah Mary Duckworth was born about 1851 in Pennsylvania — the only one of her siblings born there, in the gap between her family's crossing of the Atlantic and their later move to Ohio, which dates that crossing to sometime between June 1850 and 1851. She married Moses B. Roush on 1 September 1870 at Orange Township, Meigs County, Ohio, and died in 1881.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"62":{"n":"Lewis J. Nease","d":"20 Nov 1854 – 17 Feb 1917, Waggener District, Mason Co., WV","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ THIS NODE WAS “J. W. NEASE” UNTIL 7 AUGUST 2026. IT IS NOW SETTLED [ROUSH-53]. Two threads had closed this slot with two different men and both closures were still on disk. Three record images were read at native resolution and the answer is Lewis J. Nease.
The decider — his daughter’s own marriage licence, Mason County, 22 February 1897 (WV VRR marriage Id 12211313): “The name of the party giving the foregoing information is L. J. NEASE of Mason County, State of West Virginia.” The looping capital L is unmistakable beside the J of “John Roush” written three lines above in the same hand — and the party who gives a bride’s age and birthplace to the clerk is her father.
And his own death register entry dates him exactly. WV VRR death Id 5286043, Register of Deaths p. 120 line 6: “Nease, Lewis — Waggener — married — 62 [yrs] 2 [mos] 28 [days] — Laborer — Heart trouble.” Work the age backwards and it lands on 20 November 1854 — to the day, the birth date the 1928 Roush genealogy gives Lewis Nease. An age in days on a register and a date in a book, agreeing exactly.
Corroborated four more ways: the 1900 census (Lewis Nease, married 23 years ⇒ 1877, wife Martha born Ohio, one page from Bertha’s own household); the county birth index for 1891 and 1895, both naming Lewis Nease and Martha as parents; and the 1928 Roush genealogy pp. 416–417, whose child list matches the 1900 census nine names out of ten.
⚠ The 1878 birth register really does read “J. W. Nease”, and so does the county’s later typed copy of it — but those are ONE source recorded twice, not two witnesses. Why the assessor wrote the wrong initials is left open rather than smoothed over.
⛔ James W. Nease (1852–1906) is retired as a candidate [ROUSH-53]: no death record anywhere in the West Virginia index for Mason County 1901–1911, and no James Nease anywhere in the 1928 Roush genealogy — a book that reconstructs these very households.
Outstanding: his parents. His 1917 death register carries ditto marks running down from “not given” in both parent columns.
","s":"Lewis J. Nease was born on 20 November 1854 and died on 17 February 1917 in the Waggener District of Mason County, West Virginia. For years the family record carried the wrong name in this place — a mistaken “J. W. Nease” — but the puzzle was solved by reading two records closely: his daughter Bertha's 1897 marriage license, on which he gave the information as “L. J. Nease,” and his own 1917 death register entry, which recorded his exact age at death and worked back precisely to his 20 November 1854 birth date, matching the family genealogy published in 1928. The 1900 census confirms his marriage to Martha (Love) in 1877, and county birth records from the 1890s likewise name him and Martha as parents. His own parents are not yet known.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/roush-roush-39a-wv-birth-register-mason-co-1878-bertha-e-nease-father-j-w-nease-farmer-mother-martha.jpg","c":"1878 West Virginia birth register for Bertha Nease","w":"Bertha Nease's 1878 West Virginia birth record, naming her father as a farmer called J. W. Nease and her mother as Martha, the first trace of that generation."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"63":{"n":"Martha Jane Love","d":"30 Jan 1860, Ohio – 12 Aug 1941, Mason Co., WV","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐ WAS “Martha Nease — married name only” UNTIL 7 AUGUST 2026 [ROUSH-53]. Her maiden name is LOVE, from the 1928 Roush genealogy (“Lewis Nease… Married Martha Love Apr. 12, 1877”) — a marriage date that matches the 1900 census’s “married 23 years” exactly, and puts Bertha, born 1878, as the first child.
Her own death record (WV VRR Id 5290412): died 12 August 1941 at Mason, aged 81y 6m 13d, born 30 January 1860 in OHIO, a widow, buried Broad Run, 14 August 1941 — the same cemetery as the Roushes. The age arithmetic checks out to the day.
⚠ Correction logged: an earlier note cited this record as giving her husband as “Lewis Nease.” The index does not carry a spouse field value — do not cite it that way until the image itself is read.
","s":"Martha Jane Love was born on 30 January 1860 in Ohio and died on 12 August 1941 in Mason County, West Virginia, at the age of eighty-one. The 1928 Roush family genealogy records her marriage to Lewis Nease on 12 April 1877, which fits exactly with the 1900 census and makes her daughter Bertha, born the following year, the eldest of the couple's children. Her own death record confirms her birth date and age precisely; she was buried, a widow, at Broad Run cemetery two days after she died.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/roush-roush-39a-wv-birth-register-mason-co-1878-bertha-e-nease-father-j-w-nease-farmer-mother-martha.jpg","c":"1878 West Virginia birth register for Bertha Nease","w":"Bertha Nease's 1878 West Virginia birth record, naming her father as a farmer called J. W. Nease and her mother as Martha, the first trace of that generation."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"72":{"n":"John Eakins Sr.","d":"b. ~1795 New Hanover Co., NC – aft. 1880","g":"ok","x":"1850 census [BELL-07]; his own sworn 1863 affidavit survives inside his son’s Confederate service file [BELL-04]. As a young man he took over as guardian of his own younger siblings at the February 1819 court term.
Outstanding: Two of his sons died in the 18th North Carolina — John J. B. at Sharpsburg, Owen J. at Chancellorsville.
","s":"John Eakins Sr. was born about 1795 in New Hanover County, North Carolina, and was still living there after 1880. As a young man he took on the guardianship of his own younger siblings at the February 1819 court term. He is documented in the 1850 census and, later, in a sworn affidavit he gave in 1863, which survives inside his son's Confederate service file.
Two of his sons served in the 18th North Carolina Infantry during the Civil War; John J. B. was killed at Sharpsburg and Owen J. at Chancellorsville.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"73":{"n":"Nancy Costin","d":"1807–1870","g":"ok","x":"Outstanding: Costin family unworked.
","s":"Nancy Costin was born in 1807 and died in 1870. Little else about her life has yet come to light, and her Costin family origins remain unexplored.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"76":{"n":"J. T. Swain","d":"b. 1838, Alabama","g":"ok","x":"1880 census, Cuba, Sumter Co. [SWAIN-03]. His two eldest were born in Mississippi and every child from 1866 on in Alabama — dating the family’s move across the state line to the first months after the war.
Outstanding: Mississippi before 1866.
","s":"J. T. Swain was born in Alabama in 1838 and was recorded in the 1880 census at Cuba, in Sumter County, Alabama. His two eldest children were born in Mississippi, while every child born from 1866 onward arrived in Alabama, marking the family's move across the state line to the first months after the Civil War.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"77":{"n":"Nancy E. J. Swain","d":"b. 1838, Mississippi","g":"ok","x":"Outstanding: Maiden name unknown.
","s":"Nancy E. J. Swain was born in Mississippi in 1838. Her maiden name has not yet been discovered.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"80":{"n":"Henry H. Stephens","d":"8 Aug 1822 North Carolina – Oct 1879, Gaston, Sumter Co., Ala.","g":"ok","x":"The best-documented man on this line — 16 sources — with a trail that reads as one continuous migration: 1850 Sumter Co. AL → 1860 Newton Co. MS → 1870 back at Cuba, Sumter Co. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ 6 Aug 2026 — the 1850 census read directly: Henry Stephens, 27, born NORTH CAROLINA, Sumter county, household 1214 / house 1184, with Sarah, 17, born North Carolina and Calvin, 1; boarder Redden Marshall, 23, N.C. ⭐⭐⭐ His father MOORE STEPHENS is in household 1220 / house 1190 — SIX HOUSES AWAY. This is the first census evidence tying node 80 to node 160 directly; everything before it was tree-derived [STEPHENS-16].
Outstanding: ⭐⭐ CALVIN STEPHENS, b. c.1849 — an elder brother of Caswell, and he was not in these notes at all. Follow him into 1860, or find that he died young. ⭐ Next: Henry and Moore in the 1860 Sumter Co. census; and the Sumter Co. 1850 slave schedule for Henry.
","s":"Henry H. Stephens was born on 8 August 1822 in North Carolina and died in October 1879 in Gaston, Sumter County, Alabama. He is the best-documented man on this line, traced through census records from Sumter County, Alabama in 1850, to Newton County, Mississippi in 1860, and back to Cuba, in Sumter County, Alabama, by 1870. In 1850 he was a young farmer living just six houses from his father, Moore Stephens — the first record to tie the two men directly together — and his household included his wife Sarah and infant son Calvin.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/stephens-truett-stephens-38a-1850census-p334b-families1212-1220.jpg","c":"1850 census page — the Stephens and Jones neighbors","w":"A single 1850 census page from Sumter County, Alabama, where the Stephens and Jones families lived just a few doors apart, neighbors who later became family through marriage."},{"u":"img/stephens-truett-stephens-38c-zoom-1214-1216-henry-caswellmassey-danieljones.jpg","c":"1850 census detail — Henry Stephens and Daniel Jones","w":"A close-up of three neighboring 1850 census households: Henry Stephens, a farmer named Caswell Massey, and Daniel Jones, whose name resurfaced two years later as a Stephens baby's own."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-a4-1850census-sumter-al-p334b-families1212-1220-fullpage.jpg","c":"1850 census, Sumter Co. AL — Henry Stephens and Daniel Jones households","w":"A full page of the 1850 Sumter County, Alabama census listing the households of Henry Stephens and Daniel Jones side by side, near the family's Alabama neighbors."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-a4-1850census-zoom-families1214-1216-henrystephens-danieljones.jpg","c":"1850 census close-up — Henry Stephens and Daniel Jones","w":"A closer look at the 1850 census lines for Henry Stephens and Daniel Jones, neighboring families in Sumter County, Alabama."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"81":{"n":"Sarah Ann Jones","d":"b. about 1833 in North Carolina; m. 4 June 1846, Sumter Co., Alabama","g":"ok","x":"m. 4 Jun 1846, Sumter Co.; mother of Caswell (b. Jan 1852). Henry’s second wife was Elizabeth Jones, m. 1854. ⭐⭐⭐ 6 Aug 2026: the 1850 census gives “Sarah Stephens, 17” — born NORTH CAROLINA, which matches her recorded 1833 birth exactly and adds a birthplace that was not previously recorded. She married at about thirteen and had Calvin at about sixteen [STEPHENS-16].
Outstanding: ⭐⭐ Her North Carolina birth opens the JONES line. Look for a Jones household of North Carolina origin in Sumter Co., Alabama, 1850 — that is her parents, and a whole unopened generation. Also: boarder Redden Marshall, 23, b. N.C., in her house — possibly kin.
10 Aug 2026 [STEPHENS-33/-VERDICT]: a Daniel Jones, d. ~1869 Sumter Co., is a named, well-evidenced LEAD for her father — her sons Caswell, Calvin, and John were bonded 31 Dec 1869 as his “minor heirs” (per-stirpes through their dead mother) — but the record is generation-blind (father vs. childless brother), so the adversary refused a node. The decider: Daniel’s own 1869 administration/distribution (same volumes) — a “daughter Sarah” recital confirms slot 162 at part; a sibling-heir recital kills it.
","s":"Sarah Ann Jones was born about 1833 in North Carolina and married Henry H. Stephens on 4 June 1846 in Sumter County, Alabama, when she was only about thirteen. She was the mother of Caswell Stephens, born in January 1852, and possibly of his brothers Calvin and John as well. A Daniel Jones, who died around 1869 in Sumter County, is a promising but not yet confirmed candidate for her father; her own sons were bonded as his minor heirs after her death.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/stephens-truett-stephens-38a-1850census-p334b-families1212-1220.jpg","c":"1850 census page — the Stephens and Jones neighbors","w":"A single 1850 census page from Sumter County, Alabama, where the Stephens and Jones families lived just a few doors apart, neighbors who later became family through marriage."},{"u":"img/stephens-truett-stephens-38c-zoom-1214-1216-henry-caswellmassey-danieljones.jpg","c":"1850 census detail — Henry Stephens and Daniel Jones","w":"A close-up of three neighboring 1850 census households: Henry Stephens, a farmer named Caswell Massey, and Daniel Jones, whose name resurfaced two years later as a Stephens baby's own."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"88":{"n":"John Wesley Truett","d":"20 Oct 1833 – 17 Apr 1914","g":"ok","x":"Private, Co. D, 32nd Alabama Infantry (CSA). Enlisted 15 Oct 1862 at Coffeeville — not May 1862 at Mobile — was in hospital at Dalton, Georgia within 23 days with chronic rheumatism, and is marked absent on every muster roll in the file. Page 11 is a voucher he signed himself at Dalton on 30 May 1863: the oldest signature of a direct ancestor recovered in this project. Enumerated in the 1907 Alabama Census of Confederate Veterans, aged 73.
Outstanding: His 1907 Confederate pension application at ADAH would add unit detail and a physical description.
","s":"John Wesley Truett was born on 20 October 1833 and died on 17 April 1914. He served as a private in Company D of the 32nd Alabama Infantry during the Civil War, enlisting on 15 October 1862 at Coffeeville, and was hospitalized within weeks with chronic rheumatism that kept him listed as absent for the rest of the war. A voucher he signed himself at Dalton, Georgia, on 30 May 1863 is the oldest surviving signature of a direct ancestor in this family's records, and he was later enumerated, at age 73, in the 1907 Alabama Census of Confederate Veterans.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/truett-truett-13a-photograph-john-wesley-truett-and-emily-caroline-ward-truett-with-son-george.jpg","c":"Studio portrait of John Wesley and Emily Caroline Truett","w":""}],"ev":[{"u":"img/truett-truett-02-signed-voucher-john-truett-dalton-georgia-30-may-1863-cmsr-p11.jpg","c":"Signed voucher from John Truett's Confederate service file","w":"A wartime pay voucher bearing John Wesley Truett's name from a Confederate hospital in Georgia in 1863, though the tidy handwriting turned out to be a clerk's, not his own."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-05a-john-truett-cmsr-jacket-co-d-32nd-alabama-infantry.jpg","c":"Confederate service record jacket, John Wesley Truett","w":"The folder holding John Wesley Truett's whole surviving Confederate service record, the paper trail of a war spent mostly too sick to fight."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-05b-john-truett-company-muster-roll-nov-dec-1862-enlisted-coffeeville.jpg","c":"Muster roll showing John Truett's enlistment at Coffeeville","w":"The muster roll recording John Wesley Truett's enlistment at Coffeeville, Alabama, the same small town where his family lived for generations."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-06a-john-truett-csa-post-hospital-dalton-georgia-chronic-rheumatism-nov-1862.jpg","c":"Hospital record: John Truett's chronic rheumatism, 1862","w":"A Confederate hospital register showing John Wesley Truett was admitted with chronic rheumatism just weeks after he enlisted in 1862."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-06b-john-truett-signed-receipt-dalton-georgia-30-may-1863-his-signature.jpg","c":"Signed receipt, Dalton, Georgia, 1863","w":"A receipt bearing John Wesley Truett's name for a month's furlough pay in 1863, though it was later realized a clerk likely wrote it for him."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-06c-john-truett-voucher-docket-no-123-30-may-1863.jpg","c":"Voucher docket for John Truett, 1863","w":"The docket recording the same 1863 furlough payment made to John Wesley Truett while he recovered in Georgia."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-07a-john-truett-clothing-receipt-roll-dalton-hospital-21-april-1863-signed-by-x.jpg","c":"Clothing receipt roll, Dalton hospital, signed by his mark","w":"A clothing roll from the Dalton hospital where John Wesley Truett was recovering, signed with his own mark rather than a written name."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-07b-john-truett-muster-roll-jul-aug-1863-sent-to-hospital-tullahoma.jpg","c":"Muster roll: sent to hospital at Tullahoma, 1863","w":"A muster roll from the summer of 1863 still marking John Wesley Truett absent, sent away to a hospital in Tullahoma, Tennessee."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-07c-john-truett-muster-roll-jan-feb-1863-absent-sick-tullahoma.jpg","c":"Muster roll: absent sick at Tullahoma, 1863","w":"An earlier 1863 muster roll listing John Wesley Truett absent sick at the hospital in Tullahoma, Tennessee."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-08a-john-truett-pension-schedule-of-property-clarke-county-9-july-1909.jpg","c":"Pension schedule of property, Clarke County, 1909","w":"John Wesley Truett's 1909 pension application, in which he listed everything he owned in his old age in Clarke County, Alabama."},{"u":"img/ett-08d-clarke-county-pension-board-letter-to-state-auditor-john-truett-35-acres-no-one-to-look-to-for-support.jpg","c":"Pension board letter describing John Truett's poverty","w":"A letter from the county pension board describing John Wesley Truett's poverty in his final years, with only thirty-five acres and no one to support him."},{"u":"img/ett-08e-alabama-pension-file-jacket-veteran-john-truett-pensioner-caroline-truett-clarke-co-pvt-co-d-32nd-regt.jpg","c":"Alabama pension file jacket for John and Caroline Truett","w":"The outer folder of the Alabama pension file shared by John Wesley Truett and his widow Caroline, gathering both their claims together."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-11a-wm-h-ward-parental-consent-28-oct-1854-henry-co-alabama-my-daughter-emily-c.jpg","c":"William H. Ward's consent to his daughter's marriage","w":"William H. Ward's own written consent for his daughter Emily's marriage in 1854, the clearest proof yet of who her father was."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-11b-henry-co-alabama-marriage-licence-john-truett-and-emily-c-ward-28-oct-1854.jpg","c":"Marriage license, John Truett and Emily C. Ward, 1854","w":"The marriage license for John Wesley Truett and Emily Caroline Ward, issued in Henry County, Alabama, the same day her father gave his consent."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"89":{"n":"Emily Caroline Ward","d":"25 Dec 1836, Henry Co., Alabama – 30 Nov 1922, Levy Co., Florida","g":"ok","x":"m. John Wesley Truett 2 Nov 1854, Henry Co., with her father’s written consent. ⭐ Named as an heir of her father’s estate, 6 Aug 2026 — Abijah Wiggins’s deposition of 11 Nov 1870 lists among the heirs of full age “the wife of JOHN TRUETT” [TRUETT-22], and the 1870 petition names her siblings outright [TRUETT-23]. Moved to Hardeetown, Levy County, Florida in 1917, aged 80. Died at Chiefland; buried Hardeetown Methodist Cemetery. Her photograph survives, captioned “John W, Caroline, and son George.”
Outstanding: The Florida death certificate would name her parents in her own family’s words.
","s":"Emily Caroline Ward was born on 25 December 1836 in Henry County, Alabama, and died on 30 November 1922 in Levy County, Florida. She married John Wesley Truett on 2 November 1854 in Henry County, with her father's written consent, and was later named as an heir in her father's estate. In 1917, at the age of 80, she moved with the family to Hardeetown in Levy County, Florida, where she died at Chiefland and was buried in Hardeetown Methodist Cemetery. A photograph of her survives, captioned with her husband's and son's names.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/truett-truett-13a-photograph-john-wesley-truett-and-emily-caroline-ward-truett-with-son-george.jpg","c":"Studio portrait of John Wesley and Emily Caroline Truett","w":""},{"u":"img/truett-truett-13b-gravestone-caroline-w-truett-hardeetown-methodist-cemetery-chiefland-florida.jpg","c":"Gravestone of Caroline W. Truett, Hardeetown Cemetery","w":""},{"u":"img/truett-truett-13c-findagrave-memorial-35982088-emily-caroline-ward-truett-family-members.jpg","c":"Find a Grave memorial for Emily Caroline Ward Truett","w":""}],"ev":[{"u":"img/truett-truett-08b-caroline-truett-widow-reclassification-certificate-24-april-1915.jpg","c":"Widow's pension reclassification certificate, 1915","w":"A 1915 certificate reclassifying Caroline Truett as a Confederate widow, the year after her husband John's death."},{"u":"img/t-08c-caroline-truett-widow-affidavit-detail-john-truett-co-d-32nd-alabama-born-abbeville-henry-co-25-dec-1836.jpg","c":"Widow's affidavit detail: her birth, 25 Dec 1836","w":"Caroline Truett's own sworn statement about her husband's Confederate service, which also records her own birth as Christmas Day 1836."},{"u":"img/ett-08e-alabama-pension-file-jacket-veteran-john-truett-pensioner-caroline-truett-clarke-co-pvt-co-d-32nd-regt.jpg","c":"Alabama pension file jacket for John and Caroline Truett","w":"The outer folder of the Alabama pension file shared by John Wesley Truett and his widow Caroline, gathering both their claims together."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-09a-caroline-truett-widows-blank-1920-father-william-ward-married-henry-co-1854.jpg","c":"Widow's pension blank naming her father, William Ward","w":"Caroline Truett's 1920 pension form naming her own father, William Ward, and the year she married John in Henry County, Alabama."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-09b-caroline-truett-widows-blank-1920-page1-lower-now-living-levy-co-florida.jpg","c":"Widow's pension blank, now living in Levy County, Florida","w":"The same 1920 pension form, showing that by then Caroline Truett had moved far from Alabama, to Levy County, Florida."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-09c-caroline-truett-widows-blank-1920-page2-private-capt-cox-not-wounded.jpg","c":"Widow's account of her husband's Confederate service","w":"Caroline Truett's own account of her husband's Confederate service, recalled from memory nearly six decades after the war."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-09d-caroline-truett-signed-her-x-mark-13-dec-1920-levy-county-florida.jpg","c":"Caroline Truett's signed X mark, December 1920","w":"Caroline Truett's own signature, an X she made in December 1920 in Levy County, Florida, at the bottom of her pension papers."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-11a-wm-h-ward-parental-consent-28-oct-1854-henry-co-alabama-my-daughter-emily-c.jpg","c":"William H. Ward's consent to his daughter's marriage","w":"William H. Ward's own written consent for his daughter Emily's marriage in 1854, the clearest proof yet of who her father was."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-11b-henry-co-alabama-marriage-licence-john-truett-and-emily-c-ward-28-oct-1854.jpg","c":"Marriage license, John Truett and Emily C. Ward, 1854","w":"The marriage license for John Wesley Truett and Emily Caroline Ward, issued in Henry County, Alabama, the same day her father gave his consent."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-14a-florida-death-certificate-12310-caroline-truitt-chiefland-levy-co-30-nov-1922.jpg","c":"Florida death certificate, Caroline Truitt, 1922","w":"The Florida death certificate for Caroline Truett, who died in 1922 in Chiefland, closing out a long life that began in Alabama."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-14b-detail-father-john-ward-mother-left-blank-informant-son-question-marks.jpg","c":"Death certificate detail, parentage as the informant recalled it","w":"A close-up of Caroline Truett's death certificate, where her grieving son, the informant, got his grandfather's name wrong and left his grandmother blank."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-18a-1850-census-henry-co-alabama-hh646-w-h-ward-44-sc-farmer-400-with-syntha-35-and-caroline.jpg","c":"1850 census, Henry County — the William H. Ward household","w":"The 1850 census finally located William H. Ward's household in Henry County, Alabama, with his wife Syntha and young daughter Caroline."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-22a-w-h-ward-estate-heirs-list-widow-cyntha-and-the-wife-of-john-truett.jpg","c":"Estate deposition naming William H. Ward's heirs","w":"An 1870 court deposition naming William H. Ward's heirs, including the daughter who by then was the wife of John Truett."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-22b-w-h-ward-estate-removed-to-clarke-co-ala-and-minors-george-and-eliza.jpg","c":"Estate deposition: Caroline's move and the minor heirs","w":"The same 1870 estate record notes that William H. Ward's widow had moved to Clarke County, Alabama, with two still-underage children."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"96":{"n":"Clark Strong Tuttle","d":"b. 28 Apr 1811 Jefferson Co. NY – 1870s","g":"ok","x":"A MILLER, and a well-off one — read from two census images 6 Aug 2026. Otter Creek Township, Vigo County: 1850, miller, $9,500 real estate; 1860, miller, $14,000 real estate and $9,215 personal, with three hired hands and a servant living in and every school-age child at school [TUTTLE-13, TUTTLE-14]. Vigo County commissioner from October 1858. ⚠⚠ HE MARRIED TWICE. His first wife, “H. M.” Tuttle, aged 37, born NEW JERSEY, is in the 1850 household with Hannah (9), Frank (2) and Aula (1); she died between the autumn of 1850 and 11 July 1851, when he married Nancy A. Harbert.
Outstanding: ⚠ Any note treating Hannah, Frank or Aula as Nancy’s children is wrong. Find “H. M.” — born New Jersey c.1813, dead 1850×1851, Vigo County. ⚠ The family is NOT in Vigo Co. in 1870 (three searches); Dennis C. Tuttle was born at PEORIA, ILLINOIS, so look there.
","s":"Clark Strong Tuttle was born on 28 April 1811 in Jefferson County, New York, and died in the 1870s. He was a prosperous miller at Otter Creek Township in Vigo County, Indiana, owning real estate worth $9,500 in 1850 and $14,000 by 1860, and he served as a Vigo County commissioner beginning in October 1858. He married twice: his first wife, known from records only as \"H. M.,\" was born in New Jersey and died between the autumn of 1850 and July 1851, when Clark married Nancy A. Harbert.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/tuttle-tuttle-13a-1860-census-otter-creek-twp-vigo-co-in-clark-s-tuttle-49-miller-14000-realty-nancy-33-ohio.jpg","c":"1860 census, Otter Creek Twp IN — Clark Strong Tuttle and wife Nancy","w":"The 1860 census caught Clark Strong Tuttle as a prosperous miller worth thousands of dollars, alongside his second wife Nancy, a woman from Ohio previously unknown to the family."},{"u":"img/a-1850-census-otter-creek-twp-vigo-co-in-c-s-tuttle-39-miller-9500-and-h-m-tuttle-37-new-jersey-the-first-wife.jpg","c":"1850 census, Otter Creek Twp — Clark Strong Tuttle and his unnamed first wife","w":"This 1850 census names Clark Strong Tuttle's forgotten first wife only by her initials, H.M., a New Jersey woman dead within the year, before Nancy became his second wife."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-05-tuttle-genealogy-1883-p512-colgershom-children-incl-clark-strong-p1.jpg","c":"Colonel Gershom Tuttle's family record, 1883","w":"This page of the 1883 genealogy records Colonel Gershom Tuttle's death in Indiana, his marriage to Pamelia Strong Clark, and the start of their children's list."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-13-ottercreek-twp-history-clark-tuttle-steam-mill-p1.jpg","c":"County history of Otter Creek Township's Tuttle mill","w":"This 1880s county history credits Gershom Tuttle with settling Otter Creek Township by 1818 and his son Clark Tuttle with building the steam mill there."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-15-census-1820-vigoco-gersham-tuttle-household-incl-boy-clarks-age-p1.jpg","c":"1820 census, the family's first Indiana record","w":"This 1820 census, indexed under the misspelling Fersham Tuttle, is the family's earliest Indiana record, its household counts matching Colonel Gershom Tuttle, his wife Pamelia, and their young son Clark."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-16-census-1840-vigoco-nevins-twp-clark-s-tuttle-household-p1.jpg","c":"1840 census, Clark Tuttle's own household","w":"This 1840 census is the first record of Clark Strong Tuttle heading his own household in Vigo County, a decade before he appears as a prosperous miller."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-17-census-1860-vigoco-ottercreek-clarks-tuttle-w-dennis4-richard2-p1.jpg","c":"1860 census, Clark Tuttle the prosperous miller","w":"This 1860 census records Clark Strong Tuttle as a well-off miller with his wife Nancy and young son Richard, Alec's third-great-grandfather, listed at age two."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-18-census-1870-vigoco-ottercreek-clark-tutle-w-dennis15-dick13-p1.jpg","c":"1870 census, the family under a misspelled name","w":"This 1870 census, indexed as Clark Tutle rather than Tuttle, lists wife Nancy and sons Frank, Dennis, and Dick, the last being Richard B. Tuttle at age thirteen."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-30-terrehaute-tribune-1947-markle-column-tuttle-generations-p1.jpg","c":"1947 newspaper column on the Tuttles","w":"A 1947 Terre Haute newspaper genealogy column traced the Tuttle family from patriot Gershom Tuttle through his son the colonel down to Clark Strong and Richard Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-33-familybible-births-p1-clarks-1811-children-incl-richardb-1858.jpg","c":"Family Bible page recording births","w":"The Tuttle family Bible's births page records Clark Strong Tuttle's own 1811 birth and lists his son Richard B. Tuttle's 1858 birth among the children."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-35-familybible-marriages-p1-clarks-sweeney-and-clarks-harbert.jpg","c":"Family Bible page recording marriages","w":"The family Bible's marriage page records Clark Strong Tuttle's wedding to Nancy Harbert, the couple whose children carried the family line forward."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-80-bradsby-1891-clarks-tuttle-commissioner-pp305-306-marriage-p358-p1.jpg","c":"County history naming Commissioner Clark Tuttle","w":"This 1891 county history names Clark S. Tuttle among the commissioners elected in Vigo County, Indiana, in 1858."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-05-tuttle-genealogy-1883-p512-colgershom-children-incl-clark-strong-p2.jpg","c":"Second page listing the Tuttle children","w":"This continuing page lists Colonel Gershom and Pamelia Tuttle's children in order, including their son Clark Strong Tuttle, born in 1811."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-13-ottercreek-twp-history-clark-tuttle-steam-mill-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the Otter Creek Township history","w":"This continuing page confirms Clark Tuttle as proprietor of the steam mill, matching the prosperous milling career shown in the census."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-15-census-1820-vigoco-gersham-tuttle-household-incl-boy-clarks-age-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1820 Vigo County census","w":"This continuing page shows the age and sex tallies recorded for the Tuttle household in Vigo County in 1820."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-16-census-1840-vigoco-nevins-twp-clark-s-tuttle-household-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1840 census tally sheet","w":"This continuing image shows the handwritten tally sheet on which Clark S. Tuttle's household was counted in 1840."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-17-census-1860-vigoco-ottercreek-clarks-tuttle-w-dennis4-richard2-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1860 census, the Tuttle children","w":"This continuing page lists the Tuttle children by name and age, including two-year-old Richard and his older half-siblings."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-18-census-1870-vigoco-ottercreek-clark-tutle-w-dennis15-dick13-p2.jpg","c":"Second page listing the rest of the household","w":"This continuing page names the rest of the 1870 household, Harriet and Dolly Tuttle, alongside Dick, the census taker's version of Richard's name."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-30-terrehaute-tribune-1947-markle-column-tuttle-generations-p2.jpg","c":"Newspaper column, continued, second page","w":"This second page continues the 1947 Terre Haute Tribune's account of the Tuttle family's generations, from patriot Gershom Tuttle down to Clark Strong Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-80-bradsby-1891-clarks-tuttle-commissioner-pp305-306-marriage-p358-p2.jpg","c":"County history, Clark Tuttle, continued","w":"This continuation records Clark S. Tuttle's continued service on the Vigo County commission through 1863."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-05-tuttle-genealogy-1883-p512-colgershom-children-incl-clark-strong-p3.jpg","c":"Third page confirming Clark Strong Tuttle's birth","w":"This closing page of the family record names Clark Strong Tuttle among the children, the link connecting the Revolutionary generation to Indiana."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-15-census-1820-vigoco-gersham-tuttle-household-incl-boy-clarks-age-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1820 census record","w":"This closing page completes the 1820 household count that places the family on Otter Creek within four years of leaving New York."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-16-census-1840-vigoco-nevins-twp-clark-s-tuttle-household-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1840 Nevins Township census","w":"This closing page completes the 1840 census record for Clark Tuttle's household in Nevins Township, Vigo County."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-17-census-1860-vigoco-ottercreek-clarks-tuttle-w-dennis4-richard2-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1860 Otter Creek census","w":"This closing page completes the household count, showing the hired hands and servant that came with Clark Tuttle's milling fortune."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"97":{"n":"Nancy A. Harbert / Herbert","d":"b. about 1826–27 in Ohio","g":"ok","x":"⭐ The Harbert line opened 6 Aug 2026 — her first recorded fact of any kind. The 1860 census of Otter Creek Township gives her aged 33, born OHIO [TUTTLE-13]. The marriage is indexed in Indiana, Marriages 1811–2019 as Clark S. Tuttle × Nancy A. HERBERT, Vigo County, page 218 — no date, no image, a third name Harvey W. Allen. ⚠ She was Clark’s SECOND wife, but our line is on the right side of the break: Richard, born about 1858, is hers, as are Ed (1852), Em (1853) and Dennis (1856).
Outstanding: Her parents are unknown — an Ohio-born family. Candidates in Vigo County: Benjamin H. Harbert (m. 1855) and Daniel Harbert. ⚠ No Nancy Harbert/Herbert born Ohio c.1826–27 appears in the indexed 1850 census of Indiana (three query shapes).
","s":"Nancy A. Harbert, sometimes recorded as Herbert, was born about 1826-27 in Ohio. She became Clark Strong Tuttle's second wife, marrying him in Vigo County, Indiana, after his first wife's death in 1850 or 1851, and was the mother of his children Richard, Ed, Em, and Dennis. Her own parents have not yet been identified.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/tuttle-tuttle-13a-1860-census-otter-creek-twp-vigo-co-in-clark-s-tuttle-49-miller-14000-realty-nancy-33-ohio.jpg","c":"1860 census, Otter Creek Twp IN — Clark Strong Tuttle and wife Nancy","w":"The 1860 census caught Clark Strong Tuttle as a prosperous miller worth thousands of dollars, alongside his second wife Nancy, a woman from Ohio previously unknown to the family."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-17-census-1860-vigoco-ottercreek-clarks-tuttle-w-dennis4-richard2-p1.jpg","c":"1860 census, Clark Tuttle the prosperous miller","w":"This 1860 census records Clark Strong Tuttle as a well-off miller with his wife Nancy and young son Richard, Alec's third-great-grandfather, listed at age two."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-18-census-1870-vigoco-ottercreek-clark-tutle-w-dennis15-dick13-p1.jpg","c":"1870 census, the family under a misspelled name","w":"This 1870 census, indexed as Clark Tutle rather than Tuttle, lists wife Nancy and sons Frank, Dennis, and Dick, the last being Richard B. Tuttle at age thirteen."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-19-census-1880-terrehaute-nancyann-tuttle-head-richardb-son-p1.jpg","c":"1880 census, Richard Tuttle as a young miller","w":"This 1880 census shows Richard B. Tuttle, age twenty-two and already a miller like his father, living in his widowed mother Nancy's Terre Haute household."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-35-familybible-marriages-p1-clarks-sweeney-and-clarks-harbert.jpg","c":"Family Bible page recording marriages","w":"The family Bible's marriage page records Clark Strong Tuttle's wedding to Nancy Harbert, the couple whose children carried the family line forward."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-17-census-1860-vigoco-ottercreek-clarks-tuttle-w-dennis4-richard2-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1860 census, the Tuttle children","w":"This continuing page lists the Tuttle children by name and age, including two-year-old Richard and his older half-siblings."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-18-census-1870-vigoco-ottercreek-clark-tutle-w-dennis15-dick13-p2.jpg","c":"Second page listing the rest of the household","w":"This continuing page names the rest of the 1870 household, Harriet and Dolly Tuttle, alongside Dick, the census taker's version of Richard's name."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-19-census-1880-terrehaute-nancyann-tuttle-head-richardb-son-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1880 Terre Haute census","w":"This continuing page confirms Richard B. Tuttle's birthplace and his mother Nancy's household in Terre Haute in 1880."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-17-census-1860-vigoco-ottercreek-clarks-tuttle-w-dennis4-richard2-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1860 Otter Creek census","w":"This closing page completes the household count, showing the hired hands and servant that came with Clark Tuttle's milling fortune."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-18-census-1870-vigoco-ottercreek-clark-tutle-w-dennis15-dick13-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1870 Otter Creek census","w":"This closing page completes the 1870 census record that keeps the family in Vigo County between the 1860 and 1880 counts."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-19-census-1880-terrehaute-nancyann-tuttle-head-richardb-son-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1880 census record","w":"This closing page completes the 1880 household record, the last census before Richard's marriage the following year."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"98":{"n":"Francis “Frank” Fuerstenberger","d":"b. 1826/27 in Bavaria – d. 1894","g":"ok","x":"The immigrant. 1870 Terre Haute census (indexed “Fersenburger”), 1880 (“Fuerstebuger”). m. Sophia Snyder 26 Feb 1852, Clark Co., Illinois. Eight children, five of whose branches reappear as heirs in the 1934 Andrews probate.
Outstanding: His German town, naturalisation and passenger list — all unworked. Probably buried at Highland Lawn with the Tuttles.
","s":"Francis \"Frank\" Fuerstenberger was born in Bavaria in 1826 or 1827 and died in 1894. He immigrated to the United States and was recorded in the Terre Haute, Indiana census of 1870 and 1880. He married Sophia Snyder on 26 February 1852 in Clark County, Illinois, and together they had eight children, five of whose branches later appeared as heirs in a 1934 family probate case.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":["immigrant"],"rd":0},"99":{"n":"Sophia Snyder","d":"b. 1828 Pennsylvania – 1889","g":"ok","x":"Outstanding: A “Snyder Family: Clark, Illinois — Family Histories 1731–1938” manuscript surfaced in the same full-text search and likely covers her ancestry.
","s":"Sophia Snyder was born in Pennsylvania in 1828 and died in 1889. She married Francis Fuerstenberger in Clark County, Illinois, in 1852, and the couple raised eight children together.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"120":{"n":"Benjamin “Bennie” Roush","d":"30 Aug 1816 – 5 Mar 1897","g":"ok","x":"Born at Graham Station, Mason Co., West Virginia. m. Sophia Altman 23 May 1839, Orange Township, Meigs County, Ohio — read from the Justice of the Peace’s own return. Farmed in Sutton Township, Meigs Co. (1850, 1860), Syracuse (1870), and Wagner District, Mason Co., W.Va. (1880). Buried Broad Run Cemetery, Mason Co.: “FATHER & MOTHER / BENJAMIN ROUSH / BORN AUG. 30, 1816 / DIED MAR. 5, 1897.” [ROUSH-20, ROUSH-36, ROUSH-36b].
Outstanding: Nothing above him has been worked. Roush = anglicised RAUSCH; the printed Ohio-valley Roush genealogies should be tested against the tree-only “John Blackbird Roush.”
","s":"Benjamin \"Bennie\" Roush was born on 30 August 1816 at Graham Station, Mason County, West Virginia, and died on 5 March 1897. He married Sophia Altman on 23 May 1839 in Orange Township, Meigs County, Ohio, and farmed there before later moving to Syracuse, Ohio, and then back to Wagner District in Mason County, West Virginia. He is buried at Broad Run Cemetery in Mason County, beneath a stone reading \"FATHER & MOTHER.\"
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/roush-roush-36b-broad-run-cemetery-stone-father-and-mother-benjamin-roush-1816-1897-sophia-his-wife-1823-1898.jpg","c":"Gravestone of Benjamin and Sophia Roush","w":""},{"u":"img/roush-roush-36c-broad-run-cemetery-stone-colour-photo-sophia-his-wife-born-june-1-1823-died-july-4-1898.jpg","c":"Color photograph of the Roush family gravestone","w":""}],"ev":[{"u":"img/roush-roush-36a-meigs-co-ohio-jp-return-benjamin-roush-married-sophia-altman-23-may-1839.jpg","c":"1839 marriage return, Benjamin Roush and Sophia Altman","w":"The 1839 marriage record for Benjamin Roush and Sophia Altman in Meigs County, Ohio, the couple who now rest together under one gravestone at Broad Run Cemetery."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"121":{"n":"Sophia Altman","d":"1 Jun 1823 Ohio – 4 Jul 1898, Meigs Co., Ohio","g":"ok","x":"Fifteen years and eleven months old at her marriage — nine days short of sixteen. Buried beside Benjamin at Broad Run: “SOPHIA, HIS WIFE / BORN JUNE 1, 1823 / DIED JULY 4, 1898.” Six children known: Moses B., Sarah Elizabeth Kauff, Mary Lovina Findley, Maria Ann Goodnite, Serepta Ann, Dillia McDaniel [ROUSH-36, ROUSH-36b].
Outstanding: ⚠ Because she was a minor, a parental consent naming her father was filed in Meigs County in May 1839 — but Meigs County has no licence, bond or consent series on film (vols 1–24 are returns only). It is a loose paper in the Probate Court, off-line [ROUSH-37].
","s":"Sophia Altman was born on 1 June 1823 in Ohio and died on 4 July 1898 in Meigs County, Ohio. She was only fifteen years and eleven months old when she married Benjamin Roush in May 1839. The couple raised six known children — Moses B., Sarah Elizabeth, Mary Lovina, Maria Ann, Serepta Ann, and Dillia — and Sophia is buried beside Benjamin at Broad Run Cemetery.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/roush-roush-36b-broad-run-cemetery-stone-father-and-mother-benjamin-roush-1816-1897-sophia-his-wife-1823-1898.jpg","c":"Gravestone of Benjamin and Sophia Roush","w":""},{"u":"img/roush-roush-36c-broad-run-cemetery-stone-colour-photo-sophia-his-wife-born-june-1-1823-died-july-4-1898.jpg","c":"Color photograph of the Roush family gravestone","w":""}],"ev":[{"u":"img/roush-roush-36a-meigs-co-ohio-jp-return-benjamin-roush-married-sophia-altman-23-may-1839.jpg","c":"1839 marriage return, Benjamin Roush and Sophia Altman","w":"The 1839 marriage record for Benjamin Roush and Sophia Altman in Meigs County, Ohio, the couple who now rest together under one gravestone at Broad Run Cemetery."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"122":{"n":"James Duckworth","d":"b. about 1813/18 in Lancashire – d. between 1874 and 1880, Meigs Co., Ohio","g":"ok","x":"A COLLIER. “James Duckworth, of full age, Bachelor, Collier, of Wood Head Hill” — m. Ann Collins 21 January 1839 at St Mary, Bury, Lancashire, after banns, by J. F. Amos, curate; both signed with an ✗ mark; his father entered as GEORGE DUCKWORTH, HATTER [ROUSH-34]. Emigrated c. June 1850 × 1851; Pennsylvania, then Meigs County, Ohio. ⚠⚠ Meigs County Probate Journal p.288, inquest of 24 April 1874: “In the Matter of the Insanity of James Duckworth.” Found insane, of less than two years’ duration, legal settlement Sutton Township, entitled to the Lunatic Asylum of the State of Ohio at ATHENS; witnesses Wm Duckworth, Henry and August Bartels, David Thomas; medical witness Dr Isaac Irwin; Judge Stanbery [ROUSH-38].
Outstanding: ⭐ The Athens asylum admission and death registers, 1874–1880, would give his death and burial — and would close the story. There is no estate because a man sent to a state asylum leaves no will.
","s":"James Duckworth was born about 1813 or 1818 in Lancashire, England, and died between 1874 and 1880 in Meigs County, Ohio. He worked as a collier — a coal miner — and married Ann Collins on 21 January 1839 at St Mary's Church in Bury, Lancashire, signing the register with a mark, as did his bride. He emigrated to the United States around 1850 or 1851, settling first in Pennsylvania and then in Meigs County, Ohio, where in 1874 a court inquest found him insane and committed him to the Lunatic Asylum of the State of Ohio at Athens.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/roush-roush-34a-bury-st-mary-marriage-1839-james-duckworth-collier-wood-head-hill-x-ann-collins-minor-freetown.jpg","c":"1839 marriage register, James Duckworth and Ann Collins","w":"The 1839 marriage register from Bury, England, recording James Duckworth's wedding to Ann Collins, the couple whose family later crossed the ocean to settle in Ohio."},{"u":"img/roush-roush-34b-fathers-column-george-duckworth-hatter-and-adam-collins.jpg","c":"Marriage register detail — both fathers' names","w":"A close-up of the marriage register's column for fathers, naming James Duckworth's father as George Duckworth, a hat maker, and Ann Collins's father as Adam Collins."},{"u":"img/roush-roush-34c-both-signed-x-mark-witness-richard-duckworth-x-mark-and-ra-crompton.jpg","c":"Marriage register — the couple's marks and witness","w":"Neither James Duckworth nor Ann Collins could write their own name; both signed their marriage register with an X, witnessed by a fellow Duckworth."},{"u":"img/roush-roush-38a-meigs-co-probate-journal-p288-april-1874-inquest-james-duckworth-sutton-twp-athens-asylum.jpg","c":"1874 Meigs County probate inquest, James Duckworth","w":"A sad 1874 probate record from Meigs County, Ohio, documenting the inquest that sent James Duckworth to the Athens insane asylum."}],"fl":["immigrant"],"rd":0},"123":{"n":"Ann Collins","d":"b. after 21 Jan 1818 in Lancashire – living after 1860","g":"ok","x":"A MINOR at her marriage — which is why her father is named in the register at all. Of Freetown, Bury. Signed with an ✗ mark. Her maiden name was recovered on 6 Aug 2026 from the 1924 Ohio death certificate of her eldest daughter Mary (Duckworth) Treadwell, which reads “MOTHER: ANN COLLINS, England” [ROUSH-33, ROUSH-34].
Outstanding: Her baptism at Bury c.1818–21, father Adam Collins. ⚠ Bury is 9 miles north of Manchester — the “Manchester” of the Ohio death certificates is the region, not the parish.
","s":"Ann Collins was born after 21 January 1818 in Lancashire, England, and was still living after 1860. She was a minor of Freetown, in Bury, when she married James Duckworth in 1839, which is why her father's name was recorded in the marriage register at all; she, too, signed with a mark. Her maiden name was recovered from the 1924 Ohio death certificate of her eldest daughter, Mary Duckworth Treadwell, which named her mother as \"Ann Collins, England.\"
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/roush-roush-34a-bury-st-mary-marriage-1839-james-duckworth-collier-wood-head-hill-x-ann-collins-minor-freetown.jpg","c":"1839 marriage register, James Duckworth and Ann Collins","w":"The 1839 marriage register from Bury, England, recording James Duckworth's wedding to Ann Collins, the couple whose family later crossed the ocean to settle in Ohio."},{"u":"img/roush-roush-34b-fathers-column-george-duckworth-hatter-and-adam-collins.jpg","c":"Marriage register detail — both fathers' names","w":"A close-up of the marriage register's column for fathers, naming James Duckworth's father as George Duckworth, a hat maker, and Ann Collins's father as Adam Collins."},{"u":"img/roush-roush-34c-both-signed-x-mark-witness-richard-duckworth-x-mark-and-ra-crompton.jpg","c":"Marriage register — the couple's marks and witness","w":"Neither James Duckworth nor Ann Collins could write their own name; both signed their marriage register with an X, witnessed by a fellow Duckworth."}],"fl":["immigrant"],"rd":0},"126":{"n":"Martha Jane Love's father","d":"name not recorded","g":"gap","x":"KNOWN UNKNOWN. Martha Jane Love was born in Ohio, 30 January 1860. Her 1941 West Virginia death record names her mother and leaves the father blank.
Outstanding: an Ohio LOVE household with a daughter Martha Jane b. Jan 1860 — Meigs County is the obvious place to look, since that is where the Roushes and Duckworths were.
8 Aug 2026 [ROUSH-62]: the 1877 license moves the search to Athens Co., Ohio; no Love×McDonald marriage in the Athens or Meigs open-web indexes (read in full); the decisive 1860 Athens census household sits behind the FS login (queued).
","s":"The father of Martha Jane Love, who was born in Ohio on 30 January 1860, is not named in any record found so far. Her 1941 West Virginia death record names her mother but leaves the space for her father blank, and a search of an 1877 marriage license moved the likely search area to Athens County, Ohio, without yet finding him.
","gl":"Known unknown — the person existed; the name does not survive","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"127":{"n":"Leah McDonald","d":"b. Ohio","g":"part","x":"⭐ NEW GENERATION, entered 7 August 2026. Named as the mother of Martha Jane (Love) Nease on Martha’s West Virginia death record of 12 August 1941 (WV VRR Id 5290412), which also gives her birthplace as Ohio.
Graded Probable deliberately: the identification rests on one record, and it is an informant’s statement made eighty-one years after the birth it describes.
Outstanding: everything else — her given dates, her husband, her own parents. A McDonald–Love marriage in Ohio, c.1855, would confirm her at a stroke.
⭐ 8 Aug 2026 [ROUSH-62]: Martha Jane’s 1877 marriage license IMAGE read: she was born ATHENS County, Ohio (search county corrected from Meigs). Live lead: “GRAHAM, Ranslier × McDONALD, Leah, 4 Oct 1865, Athens Co.” — a widow’s remarriage would explain the 1941 record’s maiden-name usage. Browser: the 1870 Ranslier Graham household (a ~10-year-old Martha in it confirms or kills).
","s":"Leah McDonald was born in Ohio. She was named as the mother of Martha Jane Love on Martha Jane's West Virginia death record of 12 August 1941, an account given eighty-one years after the birth it describes, so the identification is treated as probable rather than certain. Martha Jane's own 1877 marriage license shows she was born in Athens County, Ohio, and a marriage there between a Ranslier Graham and a Leah McDonald in 1865 may represent Leah's later remarriage as a widow, though this is not yet confirmed.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"144":{"n":"Joseph Eakins","d":"d. early 1805, New Hanover Co., NC","g":"ok","x":"Proven by his own estate file. In 1790 he bought 400 acres on MOORES CREEK as “Gentleman”; sold to Jacob Moore 1793; and in 1796 received a 210-acre North Carolina state land grant signed by Governor Samuel Ashe. His widow’s year’s provision was allotted March 1805 and his goods sold at auction that April for $1,657.57. The Eakins family cemetery still stands on that land, its oldest burial 1797 and its most recent 2019.
Outstanding: He reached New Hanover about 1788–90 from somewhere else — and that somewhere, not New Hanover, is where Gen 9 will be found. The tree’s Irish origin (Joseph Elijah Eakins & Isabella Wauchope) was tested and fails outright.
","s":"Joseph Eakins died in early 1805 in New Hanover County, North Carolina. In 1790 he bought 400 acres on Moores Creek, described in the deed as a \"Gentleman,\" sold that land in 1793, and in 1796 received a 210-acre North Carolina state land grant signed by Governor Samuel Ashe. After his death, his widow's year's provision was allotted in March 1805 and his goods were sold at auction that April for $1,657.57. The Eakins family cemetery still stands on land he once owned, with burials dating from 1797 to the present day.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"145":{"n":"probably Elizabeth Pigford","d":"widow of Joseph Eakins","g":"part","x":"Four Pigfords administer the estate and raise the children, and a Pigford sells the family the adjoining land in 1834 — strong, but the marriage itself is not documented.
⭐ 10 Aug 2026 [BELL-50/-VERDICT]: her father found — William “Lost Billie” Pigford’s 1801 will names “my daughter Elizabeth Aiken” (nodes 290/291 added). Adversary held THIS node at Probable with the “probably” intact: the will names no husband’s given name and is a book transcription; the will-book image + a dower-release deed are the path to Documented.
","s":"Elizabeth Pigford was probably the widow of Joseph Eakins, though the marriage itself has not been directly documented. Four members of the Pigford family administered Joseph's estate and helped raise his children, and a Pigford later sold the family adjoining land in 1834 — a strong pattern of connection. Her father is believed to have been William \"Lost Billie\" Pigford, whose 1801 will names a daughter, \"my daughter Elizabeth Aiken.\"
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"160":{"n":"Moore Stephens","d":"b. c.1796 North Carolina; m. 3 Sept 1817 Orange Co., NC; of Sumter Co., Alabama 1850","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ FOUND IN THE 1850 CENSUS, 6 Aug 2026: Moore Stephens, 54, born NORTH CAROLINA — Sumter county, Alabama, household 1220, with REBECCA, 50, born North Carolina (alive at 50 — his 1817 bride), Benjamin W. 21, James M. 18, John F. 16, Mary A. R. 13, Charles L. 12, Easter C. 10, William K. 6, and Rebecca J. and Richard HITT, both 10 — his dead sister Esther Hitt’s orphans, the “Representatives of Esther Hitt” of the 1846 distribution, being raised in his house. He named a daughter Easter (Esther) for that sister [STEPHENS-15]. ⭐⭐ Sumter County explains the cost bill’s “Heirs of SUMTER CO., ALA.” — and explains why he alone of the brothers bought nothing at his mother’s sale: he did not live there. ⭐⭐ His marriage bond found 6 Aug 2026: Orange County, North Carolina, Marriage Bonds index p.379 — “Stephens, Moore ✗ | Rebecca MOIZE | 3 Sept. 1817 | bondsman CHARLES ✗ STEPHENS, witness Joseph A. Woods”. Both men signed with a mark [STEPHENS-05]. ⭐⭐⭐ And his whole family found the same night: Greene County, Alabama, Orphans’ Court, 12 October 1846 — he is one of TEN heirs at law of MARY THORN, deceased, taking a distributive share of $107.50, receipted at $95 [STEPHENS-06]. His nine siblings are named: William, Lewis, Charles and James Stephens; Nancy Barnett, Mary Barnett, Lucinda Ball, Elizabeth Beavers and Esther Hitt. ⭐ Charles Stephens is his BROTHER, not his father — co-heirs in equal shares are siblings, and the “Gen 9 candidate” label on Charles is withdrawn.
Outstanding: ⭐ The migration is now dated: Orange Co., N.C. (Sept 1817) → Greene Co., Alabama (Aug 1824), window 1819×1824 — and corroborated 6 Aug 2026: his brother James is recorded in the 1850 census as born NORTH CAROLINA, c.1801 [STEPHENS-14]. ⚠⚠⚠ The estate he inherited from was two-thirds a human being. Mary Thorn’s sale of 29 Apr 1844 realised $1,075.86, of which $700 was the price of the woman JANE, bought by his brother James [STEPHENS-13]. Moore’s share was $107.39; about $70 of it was Jane. ⛔ Moore himself does not appear in the 1850 slave schedule index — held open, since he has not been found in the 1850 population census either. ⚠⚠⚠ VERIFIED FROM THE IMAGE, same night [STEPHENS-17]: Sumter Co. 1850 slave schedule, right-hand half, line 31 — “MOORE STEPHENS” in a clear hand (the index’s “Moon” is a transcription error). He held ONE enslaved person: a Black FEMALE, age indexed 7 (the age cell alone is faint). Born c.1843; about twenty-two at emancipation; not named, because the schedule was designed not to name her. ⭐ She is the likeliest person in this family to be findable BY NAME in the 1870 census of Sumter County. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ 1860 FOUND [STEPHENS-18]: MOORE STEVENS, 66, born North Carolina — NEWTON COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI, p.117, with Rebeca 55, Mary 23, Emeline 21, Luis 18, Rebeca 18, William 15. He left Sumter Co., Alabama for Mississippi in the 1850s — and node 80 already has HENRY H. STEPHENS in NEWTON CO. MS in 1860 too. Father and son moved together again (in 1850 they were six houses apart). ⭐⭐ It also frames the Mary Thorn cost bill’s “Heirs of Tishomingo County, Mississippi” — the westward pull on this family is now documented. ⚠ An FS tree calls him “1796–1860” — unsourced, NOT entered, but worth testing against a Newton Co. probate or the 1860 mortality schedule, which would give him a death date for the first time. ⚠ Two children (Luis 18, Rebeca 18, b. c.1842) are not in the 1850 household — unresolved; this family has taken in others’ children before.
","s":"Moore Stephens was born about 1796 in North Carolina and was still living in Sumter County, Alabama, in 1850, later moving on to Newton County, Mississippi. He married Rebecca Moize on 3 September 1817 in Orange County, North Carolina, and the two were still together, and still recorded as North Carolina-born, in both the 1850 and 1860 census. He was one of ten heirs at law of Mary Thorn's 1846 Greene County, Alabama estate, alongside nine named siblings — William, Lewis, Charles, and James Stephens, and sisters Nancy Barnett, Mary Barnett, Lucinda Ball, Elizabeth Beavers, and Esther Hitt.
After his sister Esther's death, he and Rebecca raised her two orphaned children alongside their own, naming a daughter Easter in her memory. The 1850 slave schedule for Sumter County records that Moore held one enslaved person, an unnamed Black girl about seven years old.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/stephens-truett-stephens-38a-1850census-p334b-families1212-1220.jpg","c":"1850 census page — the Stephens and Jones neighbors","w":"A single 1850 census page from Sumter County, Alabama, where the Stephens and Jones families lived just a few doors apart, neighbors who later became family through marriage."},{"u":"img/stephens-truett-stephens-38b-1850census-p335a.jpg","c":"1850 census, continuation — the Moore Stephens household","w":"The next page of the same 1850 census, continuing Moore Stephens's large household in Sumter County, Alabama."},{"u":"img/stephens-truett-stephens-38d-zoom-1217-1220.jpg","c":"1850 census detail — the Moore Stephens household","w":"A close-up of Moore Stephens's large household on the 1850 census, the family patriarch of this branch of the Stephens line in Sumter County, Alabama."},{"u":"img/hens-05a-orange-co-nc-marriage-bonds-p379-moore-stephens-x-rebecca-moize-3-sept-1817-bondsman-charles-stephens.jpg","c":"1817 marriage bond, Moore Stephens and Rebecca Moize","w":"The 1817 North Carolina marriage bond for Moore Stephens and Rebecca Moize, signed with their marks and backed by a bondsman named Charles Stephens, likely a relative."},{"u":"img/truett-stephens-06a-greene-co-alabama-12-oct-1846-ten-heirs-at-law-of-mary-thorn-incl-moore-stephens.jpg","c":"1846 estate settlement naming Mary Thorn's heirs","w":"An Alabama court divided Mary Thorn's small estate among ten heirs in 1846, and one of them, Moore Stephens, may well have been her own son."},{"u":"img/truett-stephens-06b-greene-co-alabama-court-minutes-img51-full-page-estate-of-mary-thorn.jpg","c":"Court minutes, full page — the Mary Thorn estate","w":"The full page of the 1846 court record dividing Mary Thorn's estate among her ten heirs, with Moore Stephens counted among them."},{"u":"img/truett-stephens-07a-greene-co-alabama-23-jan-1844-admin-on-estate-of-mary-thorn-citation-to-next-of-kin.jpg","c":"1844 citation to Mary Thorn's next of kin","w":"In January 1844 an Alabama court summoned Mary Thorn's closest relatives to settle her estate, tying the Stephens siblings to her as next of kin."},{"u":"img/truett-stephens-17-verified-moore-stephens-sumter-1850-slave-schedule-line31.jpg","c":"1850 slave schedule, verified Moore Stephens entry","w":"After an earlier misreading was corrected, this faint 1850 record was confirmed to belong to Moore Stephens, the family's Alabama patriarch."},{"u":"img/truett-stephens-17-age-cell-line31-faint.jpg","c":"1850 slave schedule, faint age cell on Moore Stephens's line","w":"A close-up of the same faded 1850 record, needed to make out the age written beside Moore Stephens's name."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-a4-1850census-sumter-al-p334b-families1212-1220-fullpage.jpg","c":"1850 census, Sumter Co. AL — Henry Stephens and Daniel Jones households","w":"A full page of the 1850 Sumter County, Alabama census listing the households of Henry Stephens and Daniel Jones side by side, near the family's Alabama neighbors."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-a4-1850census-sumter-al-p335a-families1220cont-1226-fullpage.jpg","c":"1850 census, Sumter Co. AL — the Moore Stephens household continued","w":"The following census page continues the same neighborhood, recording the household of Moore Stephens and the families living around him in 1850 Sumter County, Alabama."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-a4-1850census-zoom-families1217-1220-altman-fincher-jordan-morrostephens.jpg","c":"1850 census close-up — the Moore Stephens household","w":"A close-up of the 1850 census showing Moore Stephens and Rebecca among their Alabama neighbors, the Altman, Fincher, and Jordan families next door."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"161":{"n":"Rebecca Moize","d":"b. c.1800 North Carolina; m. 3 Sept 1817 Orange Co., NC; living Sumter Co., Ala. 1850","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ ALIVE AND FOUND, 6 Aug 2026: “Rebecca Stephens, 50, born North Carolina” in Moore Stephens’s household, Sumter county, Alabama, 1850 [STEPHENS-15]. Married at about seventeen and still his wife thirty-three years later, a state away. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ AND FOUND IN 1860 [STEPHENS-18]: “Rebeca Stevens, 55, born North Carolina,” Newton County, Mississippi, still beside Moore. Married in Orange Co., N.C. at about seventeen and still his wife forty-three years later, two states away. Her death is now after 1860, not merely after 1850. ⚠ The two censuses give her birth as c.1800 and c.1805 — census ages drift; recorded as b. c.1800–1805. Bride on the 1817 Orange County marriage bond [STEPHENS-05]. ⚠ The bond does NOT name her father — the bondsman carried the groom’s surname, not hers. ⭐ MOIZE is a settled Orange County surname: the family is still in Lebanon Township, Orange County in 1880, and Moize deaths registered at Durham into the 1950s still give “Orange County, N.C.” as birthplace.
Outstanding: Her parents are unnamed. Look for a Moize groom of the 1780s–1810s in the same Orange County bond index — he would be her father or brother. ⭐ Also: the Greene Co. cost bill shows “Chas. Stephens & wife” and three other Stephens wives relinquishing dower — if Moore is in the unread part of that list, the deeds name Rebecca.
","s":"Rebecca Moize was born about 1800 to 1805 in North Carolina. She married Moore Stephens on 3 September 1817 in Orange County, North Carolina, at about seventeen years old, and was still recorded beside him, and still North Carolina-born, in both the 1850 census in Sumter County, Alabama, and the 1860 census in Newton County, Mississippi — forty-three years and two states after her wedding. The Moize family remained settled in Orange County for generations afterward, and her own parents have not yet been identified.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/stephens-truett-stephens-38a-1850census-p334b-families1212-1220.jpg","c":"1850 census page — the Stephens and Jones neighbors","w":"A single 1850 census page from Sumter County, Alabama, where the Stephens and Jones families lived just a few doors apart, neighbors who later became family through marriage."},{"u":"img/stephens-truett-stephens-38b-1850census-p335a.jpg","c":"1850 census, continuation — the Moore Stephens household","w":"The next page of the same 1850 census, continuing Moore Stephens's large household in Sumter County, Alabama."},{"u":"img/stephens-truett-stephens-38d-zoom-1217-1220.jpg","c":"1850 census detail — the Moore Stephens household","w":"A close-up of Moore Stephens's large household on the 1850 census, the family patriarch of this branch of the Stephens line in Sumter County, Alabama."},{"u":"img/hens-05a-orange-co-nc-marriage-bonds-p379-moore-stephens-x-rebecca-moize-3-sept-1817-bondsman-charles-stephens.jpg","c":"1817 marriage bond, Moore Stephens and Rebecca Moize","w":"The 1817 North Carolina marriage bond for Moore Stephens and Rebecca Moize, signed with their marks and backed by a bondsman named Charles Stephens, likely a relative."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"176":{"n":"Rev. William Hampton Truett","d":"1806 Sumter, SC – 1870 Henry Co., AL","g":"ok","x":"A preacher — the generation that carried the family out of the Carolina low country and onto the Alabama frontier. m. Alcey Wiggins 10 Oct 1831, Benton Co., AL.
Outstanding: Only five sources on his profile.
","s":"The Reverend William Hampton Truett was born in 1806 in Sumter, South Carolina, and died in 1870 in Henry County, Alabama. As a preacher, he was part of the generation that carried the family out of the Carolina low country and onto the Alabama frontier. He married Alcey Wiggins on 10 October 1831 in Benton County, Alabama.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"177":{"n":"Alcey Wiggins","d":"1813–1880","g":"ok","x":"Living in her son John Wesley’s household in the 1880 Clarke County census, aged about 67 — one enumerator’s page tying Gens 6, 7 and 8 together.
","s":"Alcey Wiggins was born in 1813 and died in 1880. In her final years she lived in the household of her son John Wesley Truett, appearing there, aged about 67, in the 1880 Clarke County, Alabama census — a single enumerator's page that ties three generations of the family together.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"178":{"n":"William H. Ward","d":"b. about 1806 in South Carolina – d. between 1860 and Sept 1869","g":"ok","x":"Of Rowville Beat No. 5, Henry County, Alabama. He gave written consent to his daughter’s marriage in 1854. ⭐ His death narrowed 6 Aug 2026 from 1860×1880 to 1860 × September 1869 by the dower proceeding of 18 Sept 1869 [TRUETT-24]. He died INTESTATE — Henry County Orphan Records p.774, petition sworn by C. J. Hutto 28 Sept 1870 before L. B. Appling, Judge of Probate, which spells his name out in full and names the children [TRUETT-23].
Outstanding: His estate file itself, and the Henry County Register notice by publication, autumn 1869.
","s":"William H. Ward was born about 1806 in South Carolina and died sometime between 1860 and September 1869, in Rowville Beat No. 5, Henry County, Alabama. He gave his written consent to his daughter's marriage in 1854. He died without a will, and a petition sworn before the Judge of Probate in September 1870 named his children as heirs.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/truett-truett-11a-wm-h-ward-parental-consent-28-oct-1854-henry-co-alabama-my-daughter-emily-c.jpg","c":"William H. Ward's consent to his daughter's marriage","w":"William H. Ward's own written consent for his daughter Emily's marriage in 1854, the clearest proof yet of who her father was."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-18a-1850-census-henry-co-alabama-hh646-w-h-ward-44-sc-farmer-400-with-syntha-35-and-caroline.jpg","c":"1850 census, Henry County — the William H. Ward household","w":"The 1850 census finally located William H. Ward's household in Henry County, Alabama, with his wife Syntha and young daughter Caroline."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-22a-w-h-ward-estate-heirs-list-widow-cyntha-and-the-wife-of-john-truett.jpg","c":"Estate deposition naming William H. Ward's heirs","w":"An 1870 court deposition naming William H. Ward's heirs, including the daughter who by then was the wife of John Truett."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-22b-w-h-ward-estate-removed-to-clarke-co-ala-and-minors-george-and-eliza.jpg","c":"Estate deposition: Caroline's move and the minor heirs","w":"The same 1870 estate record notes that William H. Ward's widow had moved to Clarke County, Alabama, with two still-underage children."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-22c-w-h-ward-estate-isaiah-ward-minor-son-sworn-11-nov-1870-abbeville-l-l-teague-commissioner.jpg","c":"Estate deposition sworn before the commissioner, 1870","w":"William H. Ward's minor son Isaiah gave sworn testimony in 1870 as the family's estate was settled in Abbeville, Alabama."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-23a-henry-co-orphan-records-p774-petition-heirs-of-william-h-ward-with-daughters-given-names.jpg","c":"Petition naming William H. Ward's heirs by name, 1870","w":"A petition from William H. Ward's Alabama estate that spells out every one of his children's given names, settling who his family really was."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"179":{"n":"Syntha / Cyntha Ward","d":"b. about 1813 in South Carolina – d. between 1880 and 1900","g":"ok","x":"Widow of William H. Ward. ⭐ Her dower was allotted 18 September 1869, Henry County — notice by publication in the HENRY COUNTY REGISTER, J. H. Simonton guardian ad litem for the minors [TRUETT-24]. Named as “Mrs Cyntha Ward the widow of deceased” in Abijah Wiggins’s deposition sworn 11 Nov 1870 at Abbeville [TRUETT-22]. In 1880 she is 66, widowed, keeping house in her son Isaiah’s household; that schedule gives both her parents as NORTH CAROLINA-born — Generation 9, placed but unnamed.
Outstanding: ⚠⚠ HER MAIDEN NAME IS THE PROJECT’S FOUR-TIME NEGATIVE — the dower proceeding, the 1870 petition, the Wiggins deposition and the estate file all decline to give it. PARKED. It will come from a Bible, an obituary, or a Ward estate in South Carolina.
","s":"Syntha, also recorded as Cyntha, Ward was born about 1813 in South Carolina and died sometime between 1880 and 1900. As William H. Ward's widow, her dower share was allotted on 18 September 1869 in Henry County, Alabama, and she was later described in a sworn deposition as \"Mrs Cyntha Ward the widow of deceased.\" By 1880 she was living, widowed, in the household of her son Isaiah, and that census recorded both of her own parents as having been born in North Carolina.
Her maiden name, despite appearing in several records connected to her husband's estate, has never been given, and remains unknown.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/truett-truett-18a-1850-census-henry-co-alabama-hh646-w-h-ward-44-sc-farmer-400-with-syntha-35-and-caroline.jpg","c":"1850 census, Henry County — the William H. Ward household","w":"The 1850 census finally located William H. Ward's household in Henry County, Alabama, with his wife Syntha and young daughter Caroline."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-22a-w-h-ward-estate-heirs-list-widow-cyntha-and-the-wife-of-john-truett.jpg","c":"Estate deposition naming William H. Ward's heirs","w":"An 1870 court deposition naming William H. Ward's heirs, including the daughter who by then was the wife of John Truett."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-22b-w-h-ward-estate-removed-to-clarke-co-ala-and-minors-george-and-eliza.jpg","c":"Estate deposition: Caroline's move and the minor heirs","w":"The same 1870 estate record notes that William H. Ward's widow had moved to Clarke County, Alabama, with two still-underage children."},{"u":"img/truett-truett-23a-henry-co-orphan-records-p774-petition-heirs-of-william-h-ward-with-daughters-given-names.jpg","c":"Petition naming William H. Ward's heirs by name, 1870","w":"A petition from William H. Ward's Alabama estate that spells out every one of his children's given names, settling who his family really was."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"192":{"n":"Colonel Gershom Tuttle III","d":"11 Jun 1769 – 5 Sep 1823","g":"ok","x":"⭐ RENAMED 6 Aug 2026 at Alec’s correction: he was on this chart as “Gershom Tuttle Jr.”, which was wrong once the line ran deeper. There are THREE Gershoms in a row and “Jr.” belongs to none of them: I = Ensign Gershom, b. 1714, d. 1777 (node 768); II = Gershom the patriot, b. 1738, d. 1818 (node 384); III = this man, the Colonel of the War of 1812, b. 1769, d. 1823. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ A LIFE, FROM THE 1883 TUTTLE GENEALOGY p.511 — entry no. 92514 [TUTTLE-29]: “rem. from Bristol, Conn., to Paris, Oneida Co., N.Y., abt. 1790; thence abt. 1800 to Jefferson Co., N.Y., and opened a farm of 275 acres abt. five miles from the site of Watertown, in the town of Rutland.” One of the first commissioners of highways; in 1806, with Seth Bailey, he BUILT THE FIRST GRIST MILL IN THE TOWN; 1808–1816 commissioner for loaning moneys of the state; 1810 a subscriber to the Black River Navigation Co. He traded, made potash, and opened a TAVERN on the great highway to the lake country — “the tavern became famous” in the War of 1812. Described as “a man of excellent character, genial temper, very fond of a joke, a capital story teller.” ⭐⭐⭐ THE MILL DESCENDS: his son Clark Strong Tuttle (node 96) was a MILLER at Otter Creek, Indiana — father builds Rutland’s first grist mill 1806, son is milling in Indiana forty years on. ⭐⭐ And it independently confirms the ONEIDA COUNTY stage that TUTTLE-15 had only from stray deed hits. m. Pamelia Strong Clark 8 Jul 1788 at Farmington, Connecticut; removed the family to Vigo County, Indiana in 1816; county commissioner from 1820; Lieutenant Colonel of the 76th New York Militia in the War of 1812 — the regiment bore his name. ⭐ Buried OTTER CREEK UNION CEMETERY, North Terre Haute, Vigo County (Find a Grave 123311856) — ⚠ no grave photograph exists. ⚠ His wife Pamelia is at Southview Cemetery, Brown County, about ninety miles away: two separate visits.
Outstanding: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ THE ROUTE PAST GERSHOM TUTTLE SR. IS NOW KNOWN [TUTTLE-29]. The 1883 genealogy numbers by descent — each digit is a child’s position. This man is 92514; so 9251 = the patriot (node 384), 925 = GERSHOM TUTTLE SR. (node 768, the wall), 92 = his father (a generation we do not have), 9 = his father, a child of William Tuttle the immigrant of 1635. ✅✅ CONFIRMED THE SAME NIGHT [TUTTLE-30] — ALL FOUR RUNGS EXIST AND ALL FOUR ARE THE RIGHT PEOPLE: 9251 = Gershom b. 1738, d. 5 Jan 1818 (image 616); 925 = Gershom Sr., b. 11 Aug 1714, Cheshire → Bristol (image 615); 92 = Dea. Timothy Tuttle of Cheshire (image 574); 9 = Simon Tuttle, bap. New Haven 28 Mar 1647 (image 560), the ninth child of William Tuttle the immigrant. The entry number really was a pedigree. ⭐ Page offset known from the SAR screenshot: printed p.511 = archive.org image 615 of 838; the earlier entries lie BEFORE it. His 29 Aug 1823 Vigo Co. will is still to be obtained. ⭐ Otter Creek Township is now independently documented as the family seat — his son Clark was milling there in 1850 and 1860.
","s":"Colonel Gershom Tuttle III was born on 11 June 1769 and died on 5 September 1823. According to the 1883 Tuttle genealogy, he moved from Bristol, Connecticut, to Paris in Oneida County, New York, about 1790, and then around 1800 to Jefferson County, New York, where he opened a 275-acre farm near what became Watertown. He was one of the town's first highway commissioners, helped build the first grist mill in the town of Rutland in 1806, and opened a tavern on the main highway to the lake country that became famous during the War of 1812, in which he served as Lieutenant Colonel of the 76th New York Militia, a regiment that bore his name.
He married Pamelia Strong Clark on 8 July 1788 in Farmington, Connecticut, and the family later removed to Vigo County, Indiana, in 1816, where he served as county commissioner from 1820. He was described by his contemporaries as a man of excellent character and genial temper, fond of a joke and a capital storyteller, and he is buried at Otter Creek Union Cemetery, North Terre Haute, in Vigo County, Indiana.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-12-findagrave-123311856-col-gershom-tuttle-ottercreekunioncem.jpg","c":"Find a Grave memorial for Colonel Gershom Tuttle","w":"This memorial marks Colonel Gershom Tuttle's grave at Otter Creek Union Cemetery in Indiana, anchoring the family's move west after the War of 1812."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-29-findagrave-ottercreekunion-tuttle-memorials-and-patriot-conflict-p1.jpg","c":"Otter Creek cemetery memorials, page one","w":"These Find a Grave memorials from Otter Creek Union Cemetery help sort out a long-standing mix-up between patriot Gershom Tuttle and his son, the colonel, over who is buried there."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-29-findagrave-ottercreekunion-tuttle-memorials-and-patriot-conflict-p2.jpg","c":"Otter Creek cemetery memorials, page two","w":"This second page continues sorting out which Otter Creek Union Cemetery burial belongs to patriot Gershom Tuttle and which to his son Colonel Gershom Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-29-findagrave-ottercreekunion-tuttle-memorials-and-patriot-conflict-p3.jpg","c":"Otter Creek cemetery memorials, page three","w":"This third page completes the Find a Grave documentation resolving where patriot Gershom Tuttle and his son Colonel Gershom Tuttle are actually buried."}],"ev":[{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t8-dar-a131791-gershom-tuttle-parmelia-strong-clark.jpg","c":"DAR patriot record — Gershom Tuttle and son's marriage to Pamelia Clark","w":"A Daughters of the American Revolution record confirming Gershom Tuttle as a documented Revolutionary War patriot, and his son's marriage to Pamelia Strong Clark."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-04-tuttle-genealogy-1883-p511-gershom-tuttle-entries-p1.jpg","c":"Printed biography of Colonel Gershom Tuttle, 1883","w":"This 1883 published genealogy tells the story of Colonel Gershom Tuttle's life in Jefferson County, New York, from his tavern and gristmill to his War of 1812 militia command."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-05-tuttle-genealogy-1883-p512-colgershom-children-incl-clark-strong-p1.jpg","c":"Colonel Gershom Tuttle's family record, 1883","w":"This page of the 1883 genealogy records Colonel Gershom Tuttle's death in Indiana, his marriage to Pamelia Strong Clark, and the start of their children's list."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-13-ottercreek-twp-history-clark-tuttle-steam-mill-p1.jpg","c":"County history of Otter Creek Township's Tuttle mill","w":"This 1880s county history credits Gershom Tuttle with settling Otter Creek Township by 1818 and his son Clark Tuttle with building the steam mill there."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-15-census-1820-vigoco-gersham-tuttle-household-incl-boy-clarks-age-p1.jpg","c":"1820 census, the family's first Indiana record","w":"This 1820 census, indexed under the misspelling Fersham Tuttle, is the family's earliest Indiana record, its household counts matching Colonel Gershom Tuttle, his wife Pamelia, and their young son Clark."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-30-terrehaute-tribune-1947-markle-column-tuttle-generations-p1.jpg","c":"1947 newspaper column on the Tuttles","w":"A 1947 Terre Haute newspaper genealogy column traced the Tuttle family from patriot Gershom Tuttle through his son the colonel down to Clark Strong and Richard Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-52-pension-r28-elisha-adams-names-tuttles-sons-gershom-and-joseph-p1.jpg","c":"Veteran names Tuttle's two sons","w":"Elisha Adams's pension file names Captain Tuttle's own sons, Gershom and Joseph, tying the patriot directly to his family."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-72-warof1812-indexcard-gershom-tuttle-ltcol-76th-regt-tuttles-ny-militia.jpg","c":"War of 1812 index card for Colonel Tuttle","w":"This military index card records Gershom Tuttle as lieutenant colonel of New York's 76th Regiment, which was named for him."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-73-warof1812-indexcard-henry-h-coffeen-pvt-76th-regt-tuttles.jpg","c":"Index card for a private in Tuttle's regiment","w":"This card for Private Henry Coffeen confirms New York's 76th Regiment was known as Tuttle's, after its commander Gershom Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-74-warof1812-indexcard-nathan-coffeen-pvt-76th-regt-tuttles.jpg","c":"Another index card for Tuttle's regiment","w":"This card for Private Nathan Coffeen again confirms New York's 76th Regiment was known as Tuttle's, after its commander Gershom Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-79-bradsby-1891-gersham-tuttle-commissioner-pp288-293-295-p1.jpg","c":"County history naming Commissioner Tuttle","w":"This 1891 county history names Gershom Tuttle among the county commissioners elected in Indiana in 1820, confirming his civic standing there."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-81-waters-1949-p35-tuttle-gershom-conflates-father-and-son-p1.jpg","c":"1949 reference book entry on Gershom Tuttle","w":"This 1949 book on Indiana's Revolutionary soldiers has a single entry that mixes up father and son, both named Gershom Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-04-tuttle-genealogy-1883-p511-gershom-tuttle-entries-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of Colonel Gershom Tuttle's biography","w":"This continuing page recounts his tavern years and the family's favorite story, a nephew's surprise visit to the Tuttle inn."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-05-tuttle-genealogy-1883-p512-colgershom-children-incl-clark-strong-p2.jpg","c":"Second page listing the Tuttle children","w":"This continuing page lists Colonel Gershom and Pamelia Tuttle's children in order, including their son Clark Strong Tuttle, born in 1811."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-13-ottercreek-twp-history-clark-tuttle-steam-mill-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the Otter Creek Township history","w":"This continuing page confirms Clark Tuttle as proprietor of the steam mill, matching the prosperous milling career shown in the census."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-15-census-1820-vigoco-gersham-tuttle-household-incl-boy-clarks-age-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1820 Vigo County census","w":"This continuing page shows the age and sex tallies recorded for the Tuttle household in Vigo County in 1820."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-30-terrehaute-tribune-1947-markle-column-tuttle-generations-p2.jpg","c":"Newspaper column, continued, second page","w":"This second page continues the 1947 Terre Haute Tribune's account of the Tuttle family's generations, from patriot Gershom Tuttle down to Clark Strong Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-52-pension-r28-elisha-adams-names-tuttles-sons-gershom-and-joseph-p2.jpg","c":"Adams's pension file, continued","w":"This second page continues Elisha Adams's pension testimony naming Captain Gershom Tuttle's sons, Gershom and Joseph."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-79-bradsby-1891-gersham-tuttle-commissioner-pp288-293-295-p2.jpg","c":"County history, Commissioner Tuttle, continued","w":"This continuation of the county history records Gershom Tuttle signing official county records and serving on the board through 1823."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-81-waters-1949-p35-tuttle-gershom-conflates-father-and-son-p2.jpg","c":"1949 reference book entry, continued","w":"This continuation of the 1949 entry shows the confusion between the Revolutionary soldier Gershom Tuttle and his son, the War of 1812 colonel."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-04-tuttle-genealogy-1883-p511-gershom-tuttle-entries-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of Colonel Gershom Tuttle's biography","w":"This closing page of the biography leads into his move to Indiana and death, setting up the family record on the following page."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-05-tuttle-genealogy-1883-p512-colgershom-children-incl-clark-strong-p3.jpg","c":"Third page confirming Clark Strong Tuttle's birth","w":"This closing page of the family record names Clark Strong Tuttle among the children, the link connecting the Revolutionary generation to Indiana."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-15-census-1820-vigoco-gersham-tuttle-household-incl-boy-clarks-age-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1820 census record","w":"This closing page completes the 1820 household count that places the family on Otter Creek within four years of leaving New York."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-30-terrehaute-tribune-1947-markle-column-tuttle-generations-p3.jpg","c":"Newspaper column, continued, third page","w":"This third page finishes the 1947 newspaper's tracing of the Tuttle family from patriot Gershom Tuttle down to Richard B. Tuttle in Vigo County."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"193":{"n":"Pamelia Strong Clark","d":"b. 4 Nov 1770 Farmington, Conn. – 15 Apr 1851 Nashville, Ind.","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ HER MAIDEN NAME IS CLARK. “STRONG” IS A MIDDLE NAME [TUTTLE-46, 7 August 2026]. G. F. Tuttle 1883, p. 512, in Col. Gershom’s own sketch: “He m. in Farmington, Conn., July 8, 1788, Pamelia Strong Clark of F., b. Nov. 4, 1770. Her brother was an officer of the U.S.A., and d. while in charge of the U.S. arsenal in Troy, N.Y. Gen. Newman Strong Clark of the Dept. of the Pacific, was her nephew. She d. at Nashville, Ind., April 15, 1851, a. 81.”
⛔⛔ THE STRONG DOOR IS SHUT. Dwight’s Descendants of Elder John Strong (1871) was searched in both volumes — no Pamelia Clark born 1770, no Tuttle marriage, no “Clark of Farmington.” The Elder John Strong descent that this chart has quietly assumed is not established and is now actively unsupported by the standard Strong genealogy. Her mother may still have been a Strong — that is a guess, not a finding.
⚠ Her death date is in conflict: Tuttle 1883 says 15 April 1851; Find a Grave memorial 16018171 says 15 November 1851. She is buried at Southview Cemetery, Nashville, Brown County, Indiana — ninety miles from her husband’s grave, because she outlived him by twenty-eight years and followed a child south.
Buried Southview Cemetery, Nashville, Brown Co., Indiana, with a headstone photograph. Her name is the “Strong Clark” carried down through Clark Strong Tuttle to Dennis Clark and Richard Clark — four generations of it.
","s":"Pamelia Strong Clark was born on 4 November 1770 in Farmington, Connecticut, and died on 15 April 1851, by one account, or 15 November 1851 by another — sources disagree on the exact date — near Nashville, Indiana. She married Gershom Tuttle on 8 July 1788 in Farmington; according to the 1883 Tuttle genealogy, her brother was a United States Army officer who died while commanding the U.S. arsenal at Troy, New York, and her nephew was General Newman Strong Clark of the Department of the Pacific.
She outlived her husband by twenty-eight years, following one of their children south, and is buried at Southview Cemetery in Nashville, Brown County, Indiana, ninety miles from where he lies. Her middle name, Strong, was carried on through her descendants for four generations, though a search of the standard genealogy of the Strong family has so far failed to confirm any direct Strong ancestry for her.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-82-findagrave-16018171-pamelia-strong-clark-tuttle-southview-cem-p1.jpg","c":"Find a Grave memorial for Pamelia Tuttle","w":"This Find a Grave memorial documents Pamelia Strong Clark Tuttle's burial in Nashville, Indiana, far from her husband's grave in Terre Haute."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-82-findagrave-16018171-pamelia-strong-clark-tuttle-southview-cem-p2.jpg","c":"Pamelia Tuttle's memorial page, continued","w":"This continuation of the memorial page adds further detail on Pamelia Strong Clark Tuttle's burial and headstone."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-82-findagrave-16018171-pamelia-strong-clark-tuttle-southview-cem-p3.jpg","c":"Pamelia Tuttle's memorial page, headstone photo","w":"The final page shows the headstone photograph confirming Pamelia Strong Clark Tuttle's burial at Southview Cemetery."}],"ev":[{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t8-dar-a131791-gershom-tuttle-parmelia-strong-clark.jpg","c":"DAR patriot record — Gershom Tuttle and son's marriage to Pamelia Clark","w":"A Daughters of the American Revolution record confirming Gershom Tuttle as a documented Revolutionary War patriot, and his son's marriage to Pamelia Strong Clark."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-05-tuttle-genealogy-1883-p512-colgershom-children-incl-clark-strong-p1.jpg","c":"Colonel Gershom Tuttle's family record, 1883","w":"This page of the 1883 genealogy records Colonel Gershom Tuttle's death in Indiana, his marriage to Pamelia Strong Clark, and the start of their children's list."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-15-census-1820-vigoco-gersham-tuttle-household-incl-boy-clarks-age-p1.jpg","c":"1820 census, the family's first Indiana record","w":"This 1820 census, indexed under the misspelling Fersham Tuttle, is the family's earliest Indiana record, its household counts matching Colonel Gershom Tuttle, his wife Pamelia, and their young son Clark."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-05-tuttle-genealogy-1883-p512-colgershom-children-incl-clark-strong-p2.jpg","c":"Second page listing the Tuttle children","w":"This continuing page lists Colonel Gershom and Pamelia Tuttle's children in order, including their son Clark Strong Tuttle, born in 1811."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-15-census-1820-vigoco-gersham-tuttle-household-incl-boy-clarks-age-p2.jpg","c":"Second page of the 1820 Vigo County census","w":"This continuing page shows the age and sex tallies recorded for the Tuttle household in Vigo County in 1820."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-05-tuttle-genealogy-1883-p512-colgershom-children-incl-clark-strong-p3.jpg","c":"Third page confirming Clark Strong Tuttle's birth","w":"This closing page of the family record names Clark Strong Tuttle among the children, the link connecting the Revolutionary generation to Indiana."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-15-census-1820-vigoco-gersham-tuttle-household-incl-boy-clarks-age-p3.jpg","c":"Third page of the 1820 census record","w":"This closing page completes the 1820 household count that places the family on Otter Creek within four years of leaving New York."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"240":{"n":"John Roush","d":"22 Nov 1785 – 21 Jan 1861, Meigs Co., Ohio","g":"part","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 7 August 2026 [ROUSH-54]. This is the rung that opens two Revolutionary patriots.
Son of George Roush and Catharine Zerkel. Married 18 May 1808 — “Francis Watkins, Justice of the Peace, pronounced the words that made them one” — his own cousin Regina Roush. A baptismal register printed in the 1928 genealogy records “John, Nov. 22, 1785. Bap. Wit. John Roush, wife Susannah, Jan. 5, 1786.”
He and Regina settled in the Nease Settlement, Sutton Township, Meigs County, Ohio — ⭐ the same few square miles where their great-great-grandson John G. Roush was born in 1877, and where the Roush and Nease families that later intermarried were founding neighbours. They lie in a family plot beside Regina’s father Jonas, with no stone marking their graves.
The move is dated by their children. Benjamin was born at Graham Station, Mason County, Virginia in August 1816; his sister Hannah was born in the Nease Settlement in May 1820. So John and Regina crossed from Virginia into Ohio between those two dates — which is exactly why Benjamin’s birthplace is Virginian and his siblings’ are not.
⚠⚠ GRADED PROBABLE ON PURPOSE. Everything above this couple is DAR-verified; everything below Benjamin is ours from records. The one link still resting on a single source is Benjamin as their son — the 1928 genealogy, p. 464: “5. BENJAMIN ROUSH, fifth child of John and Regina Roush, was born August 30, 1816.”
Outstanding — and this is the single most valuable document left on the Roush line: the Meigs County, Ohio probate death record for Benjamin Roush, 1897, or John Roush’s 1861 Meigs County estate file naming son Benjamin. Either one converts this node to Documented and the whole patriot descent with it. ⛔ Benjamin is not in the West Virginia death index — searched Mason Co. 1897 and Benjamin Roush statewide, all years. He died in Ohio.
","s":"John Roush was born on 22 November 1785 and died on 21 January 1861 in Meigs County, Ohio. He was the son of George Roush and Catharine Zerkel, and on 18 May 1808 he married his own cousin, Regina Roush, with Justice of the Peace Francis Watkins presiding. The couple settled in the Nease Settlement of Sutton Township, Meigs County, Ohio, moving there from Graham Station, Mason County, Virginia, sometime between the births of their children Benjamin, born in Virginia in August 1816, and Hannah, born in the Nease Settlement in May 1820.
They are buried in a family plot beside Regina's father, Jonas, though their graves are unmarked. Their son Benjamin's place in the family is recorded in a 1928 genealogy, though this last link has not yet been confirmed by an original record.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"241":{"n":"Regina Roush","d":"30 Nov 1788 – death not established","g":"part","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 7 August 2026 [ROUSH-54]. Daughter of the patriot Jonas Roush and Barbara Fox; married her cousin John Roush on 18 May 1808. A Roush married a Roush — both of them grandchildren of the same Shenandoah Valley family, which is a pedigree collapse waiting to be drawn once the generation above is proved.
⭐⭐ The DAR has approved this exact person twice — on Jonas Roush’s ancestor record the approved lineages include “child REGINA — spouse JOHN ROUSH” (National Nos. 569934 and 1076887).
⭐ Her father spent his last years in her house. The 1928 genealogy says Jonas Roush “spent his last years in her home in the Nease Settlement” — and Jonas’s own Revolutionary pension file, independently, records that he removed to Meigs County, Ohio to live with a daughter. Two sources that never met, agreeing.
Outstanding: her death date. The 1928 book says plainly that it “has not been ascertained,” and the grave is unmarked.
","s":"Regina Roush was born on 30 November 1788, the daughter of the Revolutionary War patriot Jonas Roush and his wife Barbara Fox. She married her cousin John Roush on 18 May 1808. In her later years her father lived in her household in the Nease Settlement, a detail recorded independently both in a 1928 family genealogy and in Jonas's own Revolutionary War pension file. Her date of death was not known even to the compilers of that genealogy and remains unrecorded today.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"242":{"n":"David Altman","d":"b. about 1788 in Pennsylvania – d. between 1850 and 1870","g":"hyp","x":"LEADING CANDIDATE, NOT ESTABLISHED. Farmer of Sutton Township, Meigs County, Ohio — the Roushes’ own township — with $1000 in land in 1850; also there in 1840, indexed “ATTMAN.” Household 1211: David 62, Margaret 56, Jacob 23, Solomon 19, Mary 14, Samuel 12. Sophia b. 1823 drops exactly into the gap between John (b. c.1819, his own household nearby) and Jacob (1827) [ROUSH-37].
Outstanding: ⚠⚠ No document connects Sophia to him. Surname + township + generation + a gap — the same shape of reasoning that failed at TRUETT-15/16. Proof or kill: his Meigs County probate; an heirs list would name Sophia Roush outright.
","s":"David Altman is believed to have been born about 1788 in Pennsylvania and to have died sometime between 1850 and 1870. He farmed in Sutton Township, Meigs County, Ohio — the same township where the Roush family lived — and is recorded there in both the 1840 and 1850 census with a household that includes children named Jacob, Solomon, Mary, and Samuel. He is a leading candidate to be the father of Sophia Altman, whose birth year fits neatly into a gap between two of his other children, but no document has yet been found that states this connection directly.
","gl":"Hypothesis — a candidate, not tied in","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/roush-roush-37a-1850-sutton-twp-meigs-co-ohio-hh1211-david-altman-62-farmer-pennsylvania-and-margaret-56.jpg","c":"1850 census, Meigs County — David and Margaret Altman","w":"The 1850 census entry for David and Margaret Altman, a Pennsylvania-born farming family in Meigs County, Ohio, believed to be Sophia Altman Roush's parents."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"243":{"n":"Margaret Altman","d":"b. about 1794 in Pennsylvania","g":"hyp","x":"Same household, same status. Both she and David were Pennsylvania-born; every child in both Altman households is Ohio-born from c.1819 on [ROUSH-37].
Outstanding: Her maiden name is unknown and would be a Gen 9 name. Best route: the post-1908 Ohio death certificates of her children Jacob, Solomon, Mary and Samuel — each names both parents.
","s":"Margaret Altman is believed to have been born about 1794 in Pennsylvania. She appears in the same 1850 census household as David Altman, presumably as his wife, with several Ohio-born children. Her maiden name is not known.
","gl":"Hypothesis — a candidate, not tied in","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/roush-roush-37a-1850-sutton-twp-meigs-co-ohio-hh1211-david-altman-62-farmer-pennsylvania-and-margaret-56.jpg","c":"1850 census, Meigs County — David and Margaret Altman","w":"The 1850 census entry for David and Margaret Altman, a Pennsylvania-born farming family in Meigs County, Ohio, believed to be Sophia Altman Roush's parents."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"244":{"n":"George Duckworth","d":"a hatter of the Bury district, Lancashire","g":"ok","x":"Named in the register at his son’s marriage, 21 January 1839, in the column “Rank or Profession of Father” — Hatter. A wholly new generation, opened 6 Aug 2026 [ROUSH-34].
Outstanding: His own marriage, Bury district c.1805–12, and his son James’s baptism c.1810–18. Both are named searches now.
","s":"George Duckworth worked as a hatter in the Bury district of Lancashire, England. He is named in the marriage register at his son James's wedding on 21 January 1839, in the column recording the father's rank or profession, as \"Hatter.\" His own marriage and details of his life have not yet been traced.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/roush-roush-34a-bury-st-mary-marriage-1839-james-duckworth-collier-wood-head-hill-x-ann-collins-minor-freetown.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/roush-roush-34b-fathers-column-george-duckworth-hatter-and-adam-collins.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/roush-roush-34c-both-signed-x-mark-witness-richard-duckworth-x-mark-and-ra-crompton.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"246":{"n":"Adam Collins","d":"of Freetown, Bury, Lancashire","g":"ok","x":"Named in the register because his daughter was a minor and his consent was required — the same mechanism that gave us Wm. H. Ward on the Truett side. ⭐ The Ohio family named a son ADAM (b. 14 Mar 1847) after him, an independent corroboration of the whole identification [ROUSH-34].
Outstanding: ⚠ His occupation is written in the last column but is not securely read — recorded as unread rather than guessed. Second pair of eyes wanted on image ROUSH-34b.
","s":"Adam Collins lived at Freetown, in Bury, Lancashire, England. He is named in the marriage register at his daughter Ann's wedding in 1839, because she was a minor and his consent to the marriage was required. The Ohio branch of the family later named a son Adam, born 14 March 1847, in what appears to be a tribute to him.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/roush-roush-34b-fathers-column-george-duckworth-hatter-and-adam-collins.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/roush-roush-34a-bury-st-mary-marriage-1839-james-duckworth-collier-wood-head-hill-x-ann-collins-minor-freetown.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/roush-roush-34c-both-signed-x-mark-witness-richard-duckworth-x-mark-and-ra-crompton.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"321":{"n":"Mary Thorn / Thorne","d":"widow of James Thorn; d. shortly before 23 Jan 1844, Greene Co., Alabama","g":"hyp","x":"⭐⭐⭐ STEPHENS-21, folded into the chart 7 August 2026 — the strongest indication yet that she was a SECOND WIFE whose own next of kin were Stephenses.
The final settlement of James Thorn’s estate, Greene Co., Alabama Orphans’ Court Minutes, 14 October 1844 (p. 274), distributes his legacies to Jesse W. Thorn, Nazareth Thorn, James Thorn, William Henry Thorn and Elizabeth Crisp, plus the seven children of a predeceased son Kennedy Thorn. ⭐ Mary Thorn is not among the legatees — as widow she took a widow’s share, a different thing — and the Thorn sons formally released all claims against her estate, which was administered by a STEPHENS. Had she been their mother, her estate would have gone to them and no Stephens would have been appointed to it.
⚠⚠ A strong indication, not a proof. This node stays a hypothesis. ⭐ But it dates the document that should name JANE: Mary was James Thorn’s widow, so he died first, and Jane must have come to Mary out of his estate at the assignment of the widow’s share — a proceeding that itemises people by name and value. Greene County, probably 1841–1843.
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ SHE HAD A HUSBAND, AND HE IS NAMED — 7 Aug 2026 [STEPHENS-20]. Greene County Orphans’ Court Minutes 1839–1845, ark 3:1:3Q9M-C91H-HSD8-M, image 723, page 274, 14 October 1844: “This day came Jesse W Thorn and William H Thorn administrators with the will annexed of JAMES THORN deceased … and JAMES STEPHENS administrator of the Estate of MARY THORN deceased (WHO WAS THE WIDOW OF THE SAID JAMES THORN) also appearing in open Court … the said James Stephens administrator as aforesaid acknowledge satisfaction in full of THE SHARE OF THE SAID WIDOW, his said intestate, to the estate of the said James Thorn deceased, and the said Jesse W Thorn and William H Thorn … release and discharge all claim or claims which they have or hold against the Estate of the said Mary Thorn deceased.” ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ AND THIS BEARS ON THE VERY DOUBT WRITTEN INTO THIS NODE. The outstanding note has said for days: “NO document yet uses the word ‘children.’ A childless woman’s next of kin can be nephews and nieces.” She now turns out to be a woman who died bearing the surname THORN BY MARRIAGE, whose next of kin are all named STEPHENS. The most economical explanation is that STEPHENS was her FIRST married name and THORN her second — which would make Moore, James, Lewis, William, Esther, Lucinda and Elizabeth her CHILDREN by the first marriage, exactly as the ten equal shares and Esther Hitt’s per stirpes “Representatives” already suggested. ⚠⚠ STRENGTHENED, NOT PROVED. The alternative survives: Stephens could be her MAIDEN name and the Stephens heirs her brothers and their families. The node stays ‘hyp’ until a document says so. ⭐⭐⭐ AND THE TWO DOCUMENTS THAT WOULD SETTLE IT ARE NOW NAMED AND LOCATABLE: ① a marriage of MARY STEPHENS to JAMES THORN (Greene Co., Ala., or earlier in Orange Co., North Carolina, where Moore Stephens married in 1817); ② JAMES THORN’S WILL — the court calls his administrators “with the will annexed,” so a will exists, and a will names a wife and usually her children. ⭐ NEW NAMES: JESSE W. THORN and WILLIAM H. THORN, his administrators and very likely his sons. ⚠⚠⚠ AND IT REACHES JANE. Mary’s estate was paid the widow’s share of James Thorn’s estate. In Alabama in 1844 a widow’s share of an estate that held people WAS people. JANE — sold out of Mary’s estate on 29 April 1844 for $700 [STEPHENS-13] — may well have come to Mary out of JAMES THORN’S estate, and his WILL is the first document that could name her before the sale. ——— Earlier note: NEW NODE, 6 Aug 2026 — and NOT yet proved. The Greene County Orphans’ Court cited Moore, James, Lewis and William Stephens, Esther Hitt, Lucinda Ball and Elizabeth Bevers as her NEXT OF KIN on 23 Jan 1844 [STEPHENS-07], and distributed her estate among TEN heirs in equal shares in 1846 [STEPHENS-06]. Three of the sisters are proved born Stephens by their own Greene County marriage records [STEPHENS-08], and Esther Hitt’s share went per stirpes to her “Representatives” — the treatment a court gives a predeceased CHILD. ⭐ She held promissory notes on Charles Stephens ($15.13, $32.40) and Lewis Stephens ($100) — she was banking her sons [STEPHENS-12]. ⭐ Her inventory of 27 Apr 1844 lists her whole world down to an 18-cent umbrella and a woman’s saddle — and “1 Negro woman JANE — 475.00,” worth more than everything else combined [STEPHENS-11].
Outstanding: ⚠⚠ NO document yet uses the word “children.” A childless woman’s next of kin can be nephews and nieces. She is drawn here as a HYPOTHESIS. The petition to sell land, or a Stephens × Thorn marriage, would settle it. ⚠⚠⚠ JANE, 6 Aug 2026 — FOUND: the account of sales reads “1 Negro Woman Jane ... James Stephens ... 700.00,” sold 29 April 1844 to the administrator, Moore’s own brother [STEPHENS-13]. She was 65% of the whole estate ($700 of $1,075.86), so roughly $70 of Moore’s $107.39 share was her price. In 1850 James Stephens held 13 people in Greene Co.; Jane is very probably the 38-year-old woman, but that schedule names no one [STEPHENS-14]. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ HER NAME IS ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE FILE [STEPHENS-19]: the clerk endorsed the packet “1105 · Greene County, Ala. · 1 NEGRO WOMAN JANE · Inventory of Notes · Estate file · Thorn, Mary · 1844 · James Stephens, administrator.” Everything Mary Thorn owned was summarised in two lines on the wrapper, and the first line is Jane. ⛔⛔ The packet is now BOUNDED — images 591–600, all read. The HIRE BOND and any PETITION TO SELL LAND are NOT in the loose papers (601 starts an 1825 estate; 589 is an 1861 guardian bond). Both must be sought in the GREENE CO. ORPHANS’ COURT MINUTE BOOKS 1844–46. ⚠ And the land was sold at the ordinary sale (Andrew Norwood, $127.09) — so a separate petition may never have existed, in which case this node may not be movable off ‘hyp’ by that route at all. Still owed: the 1870 census of Greene & Sumter Cos. for Jane.
","s":"Mary Thorn, also spelled Thorne, was the widow of James Thorn of Greene County, Alabama, and died shortly before 23 January 1844. She is believed to have been born a Stephens and to have been the mother, by an earlier marriage, of ten children — Moore, James, Lewis and William Stephens, and daughters Esther Hitt, Lucinda Ball and Elizabeth Bevers — who inherited her estate in equal shares. Among her possessions was an enslaved woman named Jane, sold for $700 in April 1844, easily the largest part of everything she owned. The tie between Mary and these ten Stephens children is a strong hypothesis rather than a settled fact, since no surviving document actually calls them her children.
","gl":"Hypothesis — a candidate, not tied in","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/truett-stephens-06a-greene-co-alabama-12-oct-1846-ten-heirs-at-law-of-mary-thorn-incl-moore-stephens.jpg","c":"1846 estate settlement naming Mary Thorn's heirs","w":"An Alabama court divided Mary Thorn's small estate among ten heirs in 1846, and one of them, Moore Stephens, may well have been her own son."},{"u":"img/truett-stephens-06b-greene-co-alabama-court-minutes-img51-full-page-estate-of-mary-thorn.jpg","c":"Court minutes, full page — the Mary Thorn estate","w":"The full page of the 1846 court record dividing Mary Thorn's estate among her ten heirs, with Moore Stephens counted among them."},{"u":"img/truett-stephens-07a-greene-co-alabama-23-jan-1844-admin-on-estate-of-mary-thorn-citation-to-next-of-kin.jpg","c":"1844 citation to Mary Thorn's next of kin","w":"In January 1844 an Alabama court summoned Mary Thorn's closest relatives to settle her estate, tying the Stephens siblings to her as next of kin."},{"u":"img/truett-stephens-10a-greene-co-alabama-receipt-of-willis-ball-7-may-1845-interest-in-estate-of-mary-thorne.jpg","c":"1845 receipt from the Mary Thorn estate","w":"A receipt signed by heir Willis Ball in 1845 helped researchers track down where Mary Thorn's scattered family had settled by then."},{"u":"img/truett-stephens-11a-inventory-estate-of-mary-thorn-greene-co-alabama-27-april-1844.jpg","c":"Mary Thorn's estate inventory, 1844","w":"A room-by-room inventory of everything Mary Thorn owned when she died in 1844, down to her farm tools and household goods."},{"u":"img/truett-stephens-11b-inventory-last-line-1-negro-woman-jane-475-dollars.jpg","c":"Inventory listing the enslaved woman Jane, $475","w":"The final line of Mary Thorn's 1844 inventory lists a woman named Jane, enslaved by the family and valued at $475, a hard fact worth remembering plainly."},{"u":"img/truett-stephens-12a-account-current-hire-of-a-negro-woman-17-months-and-account-of-sale-1076-70.jpg","c":"Account of Jane's hire and the estate's sale proceeds","w":"This account shows Jane, the woman Mary Thorn had enslaved, was hired out for seventeen months before the rest of the estate's goods were sold."},{"u":"img/truett-stephens-13-account-of-sales-jane-sold-to-james-stephens-700.jpg","c":"Bill of sale: Jane sold to James Stephens, 1844","w":"The 1844 sale record shows Jane was sold for $700 to James Stephens, keeping her within the same family rather than sending her elsewhere."},{"u":"img/truett-stephens-13-account-of-sales-p2-mid.jpg","c":"Mary Thorn's estate, account of sales, page 2","w":"Another page from the 1844 sale of Mary Thorn's estate, itemizing the household goods and livestock auctioned after her death."},{"u":"img/truett-stephens-13-account-of-sales-p2-upper.jpg","c":"Mary Thorn's estate, account of sales, page 2","w":"A further page from the same 1844 estate sale, listing what Mary Thorn's modest household brought at auction."},{"u":"img/truett-stephens-13-account-of-sales-total-and-oath.jpg","c":"Estate sale total and administrator's sworn oath, 1844","w":"The bottom of the sale account, showing the total money raised and the administrator's sworn oath that the figures were honest."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"352":{"n":"Elisha Truitt or Noel Truett","d":"1786–1864 / 1769–1850 — disputed","g":"hyp","x":"The tree offers two conflicting fathers for Rev. William Hampton Truett. One piece of real evidence points to Elisha: John Wesley Truett named a son Elisha Dozier Truett in 1877, and families of this period named children for grandfathers with great regularity.
Outstanding: Not settled — needs South Carolina and early Alabama land and probate records. “Dozier” is itself a surname and may carry another connection.
","s":"Two men have been proposed as the father of Rev. William Hampton Truett: Elisha Truitt, who lived from 1786 to 1864, and Noel Truett, who lived from 1769 to 1850. Elisha is thought the more likely candidate, since a grandson, John Wesley Truett, named his own son Elisha Dozier Truett in 1877, a naming pattern common when honoring a grandfather. The question remains unsettled and awaits South Carolina and early Alabama land and probate records.
","gl":"Hypothesis — a candidate, not tied in","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"353":{"n":"Susan Wiggins","d":"1789–1860","g":"hyp","x":"Shown with both candidate husbands.
","s":"Susan Wiggins lived from 1789 to 1860. She is carried in the family record alongside both of the men proposed as her husband, since it has not yet been determined which of the two candidates she actually married.
","gl":"Hypothesis — a candidate, not tied in","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"384":{"n":"Gershom Tuttle II","d":"22 Aug 1738, Farmington, Connecticut – 5 Jan 1818","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐ THE DAR’S OWN RECORD, READ 7 AUGUST 2026 [TUTTLE-46]. Ancestor # A131791 — TUTTLE, GERSHOM — Connecticut, rank TEAMSTER — b. 23 Aug 1738 — d. 5 Jan 1818, WATERTOWN, NEW YORK — “Conductor of teams transporting supplies for the army.”
⭐⭐ This settles two long-running conflicts in this project. The birth year is 1738, not 1739 — the DAR and the Farmington birth record agree. And he died at Watertown, New York, not in Indiana; the Otter Creek burial belongs to his son the colonel. ⚠ One small gap survives: the Farmington register was read here as 22 August, the DAR says 23rd. Settle it from the register image before the SAR application is filed.
⭐ Eight of the DAR’s nineteen approved applications on this patriot descend through exactly our couple — “child GERSHOM, spouse PARMELIA STRONG CLARK” — including National No. 536770, which is the record copy already sitting in the frozen SAR Evidence folder [SAR_32]. The other nine descend through his son Solomon.
⚠ NUMBERED 6 Aug 2026 at Alec’s correction — he is GERSHOM II, between his father Ensign Gershom I (node 768, d. 1777) and his son Col. Gershom III (node 192, d. 1823). The 1777 headstone [TUTTLE-33] is his FATHER’S, not his — this man died 5 January 1818, forty-one years later. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ HIS BIRTH RECORD FOUND 6 Aug 2026, AND IT NAMES A FATHER: “Gershom Tuttle, birth 22 August 1738, Farmington, Hartford, Connecticut — Father’s Name: GERSHOM TUTTLE” [TUTTLE-15]. ⚠ Our notes said 23 Aug 1739 Bristol; the record says 22 Aug 1738 Farmington. Bristol IS Farmington — Bristol was the parish of New Cambridge inside Farmington township until 1785, which is exactly how the 1757 Deerfield marriage styles him. The place is confirmed, not contradicted; the YEAR 1739 in our notes is probably wrong. THE PATRIOT. A conductor of teams. On 23 May 1780 the Connecticut General Assembly paid him £285.13.8 in wages and £60.13.11 for forage IN ADVANCE, and still owed him £200.2.8; he is listed first of nine conductors. The operation: 3,000 barrels of provisions — 500 tons — hauled from Connecticut into New York State, averaging 115 miles. DAR ancestor A131791. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ 6 Aug 2026 — ENTRY 9251 OF THE 1883 GENEALOGY, IN FULL [TUTTLE-30]: “Gershom Tuttle, b. Aug. 28, 1738; d. Jan. 5, 1818, in his 80th yr.; served, it is said, as Capt. in Rev. army through the war. He went first to NEW HAMPSHIRE, thence, about 1790 to CLINTON, ONEIDA CO., N.Y., afterward joined the settlement at WATERTOWN, JEFFERSON CO., N.Y., and with William Fellows, elected the FIRST DEACON of the first Cong. chh., organized June 3, 1803.” This is the entry that validated the numbering ladder and broke the wall at his father. ⚠ DATE CONFLICT, RECORDED NOT RESOLVED: the entry prints Aug. 28; his father’s child-list on the facing page prints “I. Gershom, b. Aug. 22, 1738”, and the Farmington town record says 22 August. The town record wins; the printed 28 is the book’s error and is logged, not dropped. ⭐ The New Hampshire stage is new, and Clinton/Oneida is now confirmed from a second direction.
Outstanding: ⚠⚠ A LIVE CONFLICT ON HIS DEATH PLACE. SAR evidence file 04 — the 1883 Tuttle genealogy p.511 — says he died “on his son’s farm,” Otter Creek, Vigo Co., Indiana. Find a Grave 85146147, citing our own DAR number, says Watertown, Jefferson Co., New York, burial UNKNOWN. SAR file 29 was assembled specifically to document the conflict, so it predates this project. ⚠ The same 1883 work misprints Clark Strong Tuttle’s county, so it is capable of this error. ⚠ Note too that Clark was a MILLER at Otter Creek, not a farmer. UNRESOLVED.
","s":"Gershom Tuttle II, remembered as \"the Patriot,\" was born 22 August 1738 in Farmington, Connecticut (in the New Cambridge parish, now Bristol), and died 5 January 1818. During the Revolutionary War he served as a teamster, conducting wagon trains of army provisions — an operation that hauled some 3,000 barrels of supplies, roughly 500 tons, from Connecticut into New York State. The Connecticut General Assembly paid him for this service in 1780, and he is recognized today as Daughters of the American Revolution Patriot Ancestor A131791.
He married Tabitha Mitchell at Deerfield, Massachusetts, on 22 December 1757. The couple later moved first to New Hampshire, then to Clinton in Oneida County, New York, and finally to Watertown, New York, where Gershom served as the first deacon of the town's first Congregational church, organized in 1803.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-11-findagrave-85146147-gershom-tuttle-patriot.jpg","c":"Find a Grave memorial for the Patriot Gershom Tuttle","w":"This Find a Grave memorial carries the DAR's own service record for Gershom Tuttle, the Revolutionary War Patriot, though it disputes his burial place against the family's Indiana tradition."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-29-findagrave-ottercreekunion-tuttle-memorials-and-patriot-conflict-p1.jpg","c":"Otter Creek cemetery memorials, page one","w":"These Find a Grave memorials from Otter Creek Union Cemetery help sort out a long-standing mix-up between patriot Gershom Tuttle and his son, the colonel, over who is buried there."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-83-findagrave-26023219-john-garrett-riverside-cem-gouverneur-ny.jpg","c":"Grave of a fellow Revolutionary soldier","w":"This Find a Grave memorial for John Garrett, a Revolutionary War veteran, notes his own pension testimony naming Captain Gershom Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-29-findagrave-ottercreekunion-tuttle-memorials-and-patriot-conflict-p2.jpg","c":"Otter Creek cemetery memorials, page two","w":"This second page continues sorting out which Otter Creek Union Cemetery burial belongs to patriot Gershom Tuttle and which to his son Colonel Gershom Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-29-findagrave-ottercreekunion-tuttle-memorials-and-patriot-conflict-p3.jpg","c":"Otter Creek cemetery memorials, page three","w":"This third page completes the Find a Grave documentation resolving where patriot Gershom Tuttle and his son Colonel Gershom Tuttle are actually buried."}],"ev":[{"u":"img/le-66-barbour-tuv-reel-film2959-img3573-the-only-gershom-tuttle-slip-b-aug-22-1738-s-gershom-farmington-lr6-p7.jpg","c":"Barbour vital-record slip, Gershom Tuttle's birth, 22 August 1738","w":"A single handwritten slip from Connecticut's statewide vital-record index settles once and for all that Patriot Gershom Tuttle was born on the twenty-second of August, 1738, not the twenty-third."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t8-dar-a131791-gershom-tuttle-parmelia-strong-clark.jpg","c":"DAR patriot record — Gershom Tuttle and son's marriage to Pamelia Clark","w":"A Daughters of the American Revolution record confirming Gershom Tuttle as a documented Revolutionary War patriot, and his son's marriage to Pamelia Strong Clark."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-01-johnston-1889-ct-record-of-service-p628-gershom-tuttle-conductor-p1.jpg","c":"Connecticut's 1889 Revolutionary War service record","w":"This 1889 Connecticut record lists Gershom Tuttle as a Conductor of army supply teams from 1778 to 1780, the wartime service that anchors his Patriot standing."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-02-nh-state-papers-v14-p324-wetherbee-muster-jul1776-p1.jpg","c":"New Hampshire militia muster roll, 1776","w":"This 1776 New Hampshire muster roll lists Gershom Tuttle among Captain Samuel Wetherbee's volunteers, backing up family tradition about his early war service."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-03-nh-state-papers-v14-p464-wetherbee-company-list-p1.jpg","c":"A second 1776 company roster naming Gershom Tuttle","w":"This separate New Hampshire roster, dated November 1776, again lists Gershom Tuttle in Captain Wetherbee's company, an independent record reinforcing his militia service."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-30-terrehaute-tribune-1947-markle-column-tuttle-generations-p1.jpg","c":"1947 newspaper column on the Tuttles","w":"A 1947 Terre Haute newspaper genealogy column traced the Tuttle family from patriot Gershom Tuttle through his son the colonel down to Clark Strong and Richard Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-32-dar-recordcopy-a131791-natno-536770-supporting-documentation-p1.jpg","c":"DAR's file on patriot Gershom Tuttle","w":"The Daughters of the American Revolution's own record for patriot Gershom Tuttle backs up his Revolutionary War service with supporting documentation."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-39-pension-s22786-john-garrett-1832-names-capt-gershom-tuttle-teams-p1.jpg","c":"Veteran's pension testimony naming Captain Tuttle","w":"Revolutionary War veteran John Garrett's 1832 pension application describes serving in the team company commanded by Captain Gershom Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-40-pension-s15872-ithurel-hart-of-bristol-under-capt-tuttle-p1.jpg","c":"Bristol veteran's testimony about Captain Tuttle","w":"Ithurel Hart of Bristol, Connecticut testified in his pension file that he served as a teamster under Captain Gershom Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-41-pension-r3958-lemuel-gaylord-capt-tuttles-company-of-teamsters-p1.jpg","c":"Teamster's pension file naming Captain Tuttle","w":"Lemuel Gaylord's pension file describes his 1780 service in Captain Gershom Tuttle's company of teamsters and includes his discharge signed by Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-42-qm-recordbook-m853-v153-p23-tuttle-condr-of-teams-1778-1781-dates.jpg","c":"Quartermaster ledger dating Tuttle's service","w":"A Revolutionary War quartermaster record book lists the exact dates Gershom Tuttle served as conductor of teams, from 1778 into 1781."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-43-qm-ledger-m853-v192-p246-gersham-tuttle-conductor-payment.jpg","c":"Quartermaster ledger recording Tuttle's pay","w":"A quartermaster payment ledger records wages credited to Gershom Tuttle for his Revolutionary War work moving Army supplies by team."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-44-contcongress-return-of-teams-1aug1779-hubbard-gershom-tuttle-15-teams.jpg","c":"1779 return listing Tuttle's teams","w":"A 1779 Continental Congress return lists Gershom Tuttle among the men supplying fifteen teams to move Army supplies during the Revolution."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-45-marriage-1757-deerfield-printed-vr-gershom-tuttle-of-new-cambridge-mitchel.jpg","c":"Gershom and Tabitha's 1757 marriage record","w":"This printed Deerfield, Massachusetts marriage record documents Gershom Tuttle of New Cambridge marrying Tabitha Mitchell on December 22, 1757."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-46-servicerecord-m881-gershom-tuttle-2ndlightdragoons-payment-orders-1782-p1.jpg","c":"Light Dragoons payment record, 1782","w":"Wartime payment orders place Gershom Tuttle within the 2nd Regiment of Light Dragoons during 1782 and 1783, more evidence of his Revolutionary War service."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-48-pension-w3627-joseph-tuttle-son-served-in-fathers-company-p1.jpg","c":"Patriot's son testifies to his service","w":"Joseph Tuttle's own pension file describes serving in his father Captain Gershom Tuttle's company, a son's firsthand testimony to the patriot's command."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-49-pension-w10569-simeon-curtiss-teamster-under-tuttle-1780-81-p1.jpg","c":"Teamster's testimony about Captain Tuttle","w":"Simeon Curtiss's pension application recounts his 1780-81 service as a teamster serving under Captain Gershom Tuttle during the Revolutionary War."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-50-pension-s22789-samuel-gillet-discharge-signed-by-tuttle-p1.jpg","c":"Discharge paper signed by Captain Tuttle","w":"Samuel Gillet's pension file includes his Revolutionary War discharge paper, personally signed by Captain Gershom Tuttle."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-51-pension-s11982-samuel-andrus-knew-capt-tuttle-of-bristol-p1.jpg","c":"Veteran recalls knowing Captain Tuttle","w":"Samuel Andrus testified in his pension application that he well knew Captain Gershom Tuttle of Bristol, Connecticut."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-52-pension-r28-elisha-adams-names-tuttles-sons-gershom-and-joseph-p1.jpg","c":"Veteran names Tuttle's two sons","w":"Elisha Adams's pension file names Captain Tuttle's own sons, Gershom and Joseph, tying the patriot directly to his family."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-53-pension-r11144-jason-warner-qm-return-tuttle-15-teams-p1.jpg","c":"Quartermaster return crediting Tuttle's teams","w":"Jason Warner's pension paperwork includes a quartermaster return crediting Gershom Tuttle with fifteen teams supplied to the Army."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-54-pension-s18769-john-colt-fellow-conductor-context-p1.jpg","c":"Fellow conductor's pension file, context","w":"John Colt's pension file, as a fellow team conductor, provides supporting context for Gershom Tuttle's Revolutionary War role."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-55-pension-w175-bissell-phelps-fellow-conductor-under-hubbard-p1.jpg","c":"Fellow conductor's file, Hubbard context","w":"Bissell Phelps's pension file, as a fellow conductor serving under the same quartermaster, corroborates the wartime operation Gershom Tuttle worked within."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-56-pension-s30294-reuben-brooks-capt-tuttles-company-1782-p1.jpg","c":"Veteran recalls Captain Tuttle's company","w":"Reuben Brooks's pension application places him in Captain Tuttle's company in 1782, further testimony to the patriot's command."}],"fl":["patriot"],"rd":0},"385":{"n":"Tabitha Mitchell","d":"b. 9 Feb 1736/7 – m. 22 Dec 1757, Deerfield; daughter of Joseph Mitchell and Mary Allis","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ THE DAR DOES NOT KNOW HER GIVEN NAME — AND WE DO [TUTTLE-46, 7 August 2026]. On DAR ancestor record A131791 the patriot’s wife is listed only as “X MITCHEL” — surname, no more. This project has her as Tabitha Mitchell, married at Deerfield 22 December 1757, with her parents Joseph Mitchell and Mary Allis and her grandfather Michael Mitchell of Wallingford, all from records. Alec is in a position to give the DAR something it does not have — worth saying to the registrar when the application goes in.
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ HER PARENTS FOUND — AND GERSHOM II MARRIED HIS FIRST COUSIN [TUTTLE-41]. History of the Town of Sunderland, image 567: “MITCHELL, Joseph, m. Nov. 2, 1726, MARY, dau. WILLIAM ALLIS.” And from the Allis side, image 355: “Ch.: MARY, b. Feb. 18, 1705; m. Joseph Mitchell. … LOIS, b. Jan. 13, 1708; m. Oct. 17, 1737, Gershom Tuttle.” ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ MARY ALLIS AND LOIS ALLIS WERE SISTERS. Lois married Gershom Tuttle I. Her sister Mary married Joseph Mitchell. Twenty years later Lois’s son married Mary’s daughter. TABITHA MITCHELL WAS GERSHOM II’S FIRST COUSIN, and the 1757 Deerfield marriage stops being a mystery entirely — he married inside his mother’s family. ⭐ It also explains the Deerfield venue: the bride was local and the groom was styled “of New Cambridge” [TUTTLE-26] — the DEERFIELD hypothesis, preferred over the Farmington one in TUTTLE-24, is confirmed. ⛔⛔ AND IT HALF-CLOSES THE MAYFLOWER DOOR [MAYFLOWER-01]. Her MOTHER’S line is the ALLIS line already on this chart — Braintree freeman 1640, Massachusetts Bay, not Plymouth. The Mayflower question now rests on her FATHER Joseph Mitchell alone, whose origin the Sunderland book does not give. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ HER BIRTH AND HER FAMILY FOUND — 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-40]. Sheldon, History of Deerfield vol. 2, image 505, in the MITCHELL genealogy: “Ch.: Joseph, Mar. 3, 1726-7, in SUND[ERLAND]. TABITHA, Feb. 9, 1736-7; m. Dec. 22…” The marriage day and month match ours exactly — 22 December 1757 — and the birth of 9 February 1736/7 sits inside the c.1735–40 window TUTTLE-24 predicted for her when the Farmington Mitchel hypothesis was killed. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ AND THE FAMILY WAS AT SUNDERLAND. Her brother was born there in 1726-7. Sunderland is the town where the groom’s own parents married in 1737 [node 769]. Father and son married women from the same small Connecticut Valley town, twenty years apart. That is not coincidence; that is a family that kept its Massachusetts ties. ⚠ Her father is almost certainly JOSEPH MITCHELL of Deerfield — Sheldon has daughters Hannah (m. Zadock King 1751), Thankful, Mary (m. Samuel — of Ashfield, 1753) and Lydia all styled “dau. Joseph Mitchell”, plus the son Joseph. Recorded as a strong identification, not yet a proved one — the head-of-family paragraph has not been read. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ AND THIS IS THE ONE PLACE A MAYFLOWER LINE COULD ENTER THIS TREE [MAYFLOWER-01]. The Plymouth Colony Mitchells descend from EXPERIENCE MITCHELL, who came on the ANNE in 1623 and married JANE COOKE, daughter of FRANCIS COOKE, MAYFLOWER PASSENGER, 1620. ⭐ And Sheldon’s own pages carry the tell: “FULLER, John; m. July 12, 1774, EXPERIENCE MITCHELL of Ash[field]” — the given name “Experience” running in this very Mitchell family in this very valley is the classic marker of descent from him. ⚠⚠ A MARKER IS NOT A DESCENT. Mitchell is a common name and no link is shown. Nothing about the Mayflower goes on this chart until Joseph Mitchell’s own father is documented. ——— Earlier note: Married at Deerfield, Massachusetts — “TUTTLE, Gershom of New Cambridge, C[onn.] … Mitchel, Dec. 22, 1757.” ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ 6 Aug 2026 — THE FIRST CHECKABLE LEAD ON HER FAMILY [TUTTLE-23]: the complete signer list of the October 1742 New Cambridge petition — the one GERSHOM TUTTLE SR. signed — includes “Joel mitchel.” A MITCHEL was living in that small Connecticut parish fifteen years before the groom’s son married a Tabitha Mitchell.
Outstanding: ⚠⚠ A LEAD, NOT A PROOF — Joel is not shown to be her father. ⚠ And it cuts both ways: the Deerfield entry styles the GROOM “of New Cambridge” but gives the bride no parish, which is what a clerk does for a LOCAL bride. Test both hypotheses in parallel: ① a TABITHA MITCHELL born at Farmington c.1735–1740 (cheapest test; would give her parents for the first time); ② Joel Mitchel’s own family; ③ the Deerfield/Hampshire Co. Mitchells. ⚠⚠ TESTED ONE TURN LATER AND LARGELY FAILED [TUTTLE-24]. Joel Mitchel is confirmed real and really at Farmington — his eldest child Mary was born there 2 Sept 1743, eleven months after the petition — but his first recorded child is 1743, AFTER Tabitha’s c.1735–40 birth window, no Tabitha appears among his seven children, and he moved to WETHERSFIELD from 1746 onward. ⛔ By the 1757 marriage the Mitchels had left New Cambridge. ⛔ And no Connecticut or Massachusetts birth for a Tabitha Mitchell 1730–1742 exists in the FS index at all — 3,822 results, and the only New England hit is the 1757 marriage itself. She still has no parent, no birth date and no place. ⭐ The DEERFIELD hypothesis is now the stronger one — the entry styles the GROOM “of New Cambridge” (an outsider) and gives the bride no parish (a local). NEXT: the Deerfield and Hampshire Co. Mitchells, and the 1757 entry read AT THE IMAGE — the printed abstract may drop a father or a parish the register carries.
","s":"Tabitha Mitchell was born 9 February 1736/7 and married Gershom Tuttle II on 22 December 1757 at Deerfield, Massachusetts. She was the daughter of Joseph Mitchell, a weaver, and his wife Mary Allis — and because Mary Allis's sister Lois had married Gershom's own father a generation earlier, Tabitha and Gershom were first cousins when they wed.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t8-dar-a131791-gershom-tuttle-parmelia-strong-clark.jpg","c":"DAR patriot record — Gershom Tuttle and son's marriage to Pamelia Clark","w":"A Daughters of the American Revolution record confirming Gershom Tuttle as a documented Revolutionary War patriot, and his son's marriage to Pamelia Strong Clark."},{"u":"img/evidence-derived-sar-45-marriage-1757-deerfield-printed-vr-gershom-tuttle-of-new-cambridge-mitchel.jpg","c":"Gershom and Tabitha's 1757 marriage record","w":"This printed Deerfield, Massachusetts marriage record documents Gershom Tuttle of New Cambridge marrying Tabitha Mitchell on December 22, 1757."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"386":{"n":"Pamelia Clark's father","d":"of Farmington, Connecticut; name not recorded","g":"gap","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 7 August 2026 — AND THIS IS THE SINGLE HIGHEST-VALUE GAP ON THE CHART [TUTTLE-46]. He is a Farmington, Connecticut man of the Revolutionary generation with a daughter born 4 November 1770. Naming him serves both of Alec’s stated priorities at once — it opens a whole colonial branch and he is a strong candidate to be a patriot in his own right.
⭐ Two levers, neither of them used before.
(a) The nephew. Gen. Newman S. Clarke, USA — Heitman’s Historical Register confirms the Tuttle book in every checkable particular: “Clarke, Newman S. Conn. Vt. Ens 11 inf 12 Mar 1812 … col 6 inf 29 June 1846 … bvt brig gen 29 Mar 1847 … died 17 Oct 1860” — born in Connecticut, commissioned from Vermont, died at San Francisco commanding the Department of the Pacific. His father was necessarily one of Pamelia’s brothers. ⛔ Appleton’s Cyclopædia gives him a full career paragraph and no parentage.
(b) The brother at the arsenal. ⛔ He was NOT the commandant — the Watervliet Arsenal’s official chronology 1813–1993 contains no Clark anywhere in the 1813–1850 narrative, and no commander died in office; Weise’s History of the City of Troy yields eleven arsenal references and no Clark. So he was a military storekeeper or ordnance officer, and the Registers of Officers and Agents for 1826 and 30 September 1835 both tabulate storekeepers against the station “Ar. Watervliet.”
Outstanding — the one record to pull: the Barbour Collection, FARMINGTON — the birth of Pamelia Clark, 4 November 1770, which names her father outright, and the marriage Tuttle × Clark, 8 July 1788. ⚠ Also worth one query: the DAR Child Search (child Parmelia Clark, spouse Gershom Tuttle) — it was attempted and could not be submitted; a control query with known-good values failed identically, so nothing was concluded from the blank result.
","s":"Pamelia Clark's father was a man of Farmington, Connecticut, of the Revolutionary generation, whose daughter was born there on 4 November 1770 — but his own name has not been recovered. He is remembered indirectly through his grandson, General Newman S. Clarke of the United States Army, who was born in Connecticut, commissioned an officer in 1812, and went on to command the Department of the Pacific before his death in 1860.
","gl":"Known unknown — the person existed; the name does not survive","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"480":{"n":"George Roush","d":"July 1761, Frederick Co., Virginia – 31 May 1845, Meigs Co., Ohio","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ A REVOLUTIONARY PATRIOT, AND THE DAR HAS ALREADY APPROVED THE DESCENT [ROUSH-54, 7 August 2026].
DAR Ancestor # A098975 — Service: VIRGINIA, rank Private. Service description: “1) Capts John Roush, Joseph Pugh; 2) served as a substitute, Capt All.” Residence of record: Shenandoah Co., Virginia. Pension S18579. He enlisted in the autumn of 1779 and served two months in his own brother Captain John Roush’s Virginia company, with further tours in 1780 and 1781, and was pensioned in 1832 while living in Ohio.
⭐⭐ Five approved DAR applications descend through this man’s son JOHN and his wife REGINA ROUSH — National Nos. 426059, 671858, 728245, 569934 (vol. 871) and 976675. That is Alec’s own line, already accepted.
⚠ A printed error corrected here. The 1928 Roush genealogy prints his pension as “S. 8579”, and the Roush Family Association’s own website repeats it. S8579 is Jacob Goss of North Carolina — read in full and checked. The book dropped a digit; the true number is S18579.
Outstanding: his own pension file, read as images rather than as an abstract — it should name Catharine and their children.
","s":"George Roush was born in July 1761 in Frederick County, Virginia, and died 31 May 1845 in Sutton Township, Meigs County, Ohio. He served in the Revolutionary War, enlisting in the autumn of 1779 under his own brother, Captain John Roush, with further tours of duty in 1780 and 1781, and later drew a pension while living in Ohio. He is recognized today as Daughters of the American Revolution Patriot Ancestor A098975.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":["patriot"],"rd":0},"481":{"n":"Catharine Zerkel","d":"wife of George Roush","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 7 August 2026 [ROUSH-54]. Named as George Roush’s first wife independently by two sources that did not consult each other: the 1928 Roush genealogy (Catharine Zerkel) and the DAR ancestor record for A098975, which lists spouse “CATHERINE ZIRKLE”. The DAR’s approved applications through son John are all marked to spouse [1] — i.e. to her, not to George’s second wife.
⭐ ZERKEL / ZIRKLE / ZERCKEL is a name that keeps recurring around this family — a Zerkle man was living in the household where James Nease appears in two censuses, two Mason County Neases married Zerkel women in 1845 and 1852, and Moses B. Roush’s third wife was a Margaret A. Zerkle. Recorded as a pattern, not a conclusion.
Outstanding: her dates, her parents, and the marriage record itself.
","s":"Catharine Zerkel was the first wife of George Roush, named as such independently by both the 1928 Roush family genealogy and the Daughters of the American Revolution's own record for her husband.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"482":{"n":"Jonas Roush","d":"Sept 1763, Frederick Co., Virginia – 14 Dec 1850, Mason Co., Virginia","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ A REVOLUTIONARY PATRIOT WHO WATCHED CORNWALLIS SURRENDER [ROUSH-54, 7 August 2026].
DAR Ancestor # A098985 — Service: VIRGINIA, rank Private; “Capt All; Cols Bird, Darke.” Pension S4785, and the file has been read in full transcription. In his own sworn statement of 6 November 1832, made from Mason County, Virginia, he says he “entered the service as a substitute for his Brother Henry Roush who was drafted for a tour of three months in the summer of 1781,” served under Captain All in Colonel Bird’s regiment at Falmouth near Fredericksburg, and on a second three-month tour was present at the siege of Yorktown and at Cornwallis’s surrender, 19 October 1781. He fell ill near Fredericksburg while escorting prisoners. Pensioned at $20 a year from 4 March 1831; the pension was transferred to Meigs County, Ohio in 1837.
⭐⭐ Two approved DAR applications descend through his daughter REGINA and her husband JOHN ROUSH (National Nos. 569934 and 1076887). ⭐⭐⭐ And member 569934 is approved on BOTH Jonas and George — that member carries the same double descent Alec has.
⭐ He was living in Mason County when he applied — the very county where his great-grandson John G. Roush would later marry and die. ⚠ A conflict to hold: the pension says he removed to Meigs County, Ohio in 1837 and the 1928 book says he died in his daughter’s house there, but the DAR records his death in Mason County, Virginia. Not resolved.
⛔ A bounded negative worth knowing: the pension file does not name his wife Barbara or any child, including Regina. It records only that his wife died in February 1837 and that he had a daughter in Ohio. The file corroborates the descent; it does not by itself prove it.
⭐ His brother is a patriot too: HENRY ROUSH, DAR # A098977, b. 1752 Frederick Co., Va., d. 26 Oct 1831 Meigs Co., Ohio — “Capt Jacob Holeman, Dunmore Co. Militia, 1775; paid for substitute” — and the DAR’s cited source for Henry’s service is Jonas’s own pension file. The two brothers’ service is documented out of the same sheaf of paper.
","s":"Jonas Roush was born in September 1763 at Holman's Fort, Frederick County, Virginia, and died 14 December 1850 in Mason County, Virginia. He served in the Revolutionary War as a substitute for his brother Henry in the summer of 1781, and on a second tour was present at the siege of Yorktown and Cornwallis's surrender on 19 October 1781. He later told his story in his own sworn pension statement of 6 November 1832, and is recognized today as Daughters of the American Revolution Patriot Ancestor A098985. His brother Henry Roush was also honored as a Revolutionary patriot.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":["patriot"],"rd":0},"483":{"n":"Barbara Fox","d":"wife of Jonas Roush; d. Feb 1837","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 7 August 2026 [ROUSH-54]. Named as Jonas Roush’s wife by the 1928 Roush genealogy and, independently, by the DAR ancestor record A098985, which lists spouse “BARBARA FOX.”
⭐ Her death is dated by her husband’s pension file, which records that his wife died in February 1837 — the same year he moved to Ohio to live with his daughter. ⚠ The file does not name her; the name comes from the book and the DAR.
Outstanding: her birth, her parents, and a marriage record — Shenandoah County, Virginia, probably in the 1780s.
","s":"Barbara Fox was the wife of Jonas Roush and died in February 1837, the same year her husband moved to Ohio to live with their daughter. She is named as his wife in both the 1928 Roush family genealogy and Daughters of the American Revolution records.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"768":{"n":"Ensign Gershom Tuttle I","d":"b. 11 Aug 1714 Wallingford – Chippens Hill, New Cambridge – d. 13 Aug 1777, Claremont, N.H.","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ THE RANK CONFLICT IS RESOLVED, AND HIS EXACT NEIGHBOURHOOD IS NAMED — 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-39]. Miscellaneous Notes on New England Families, continuing: “On his return from the north, Gershom Tuttle joined THE COLONY OF PEOPLE FROM CHESHIRE AND VICINITY who removed to the town of Farmington and settled on CHIPPEN’S HILL, in what was called New Cambridge and is now the town of Bristol. There he had his home and was prominent in church and town affairs. HE SERVED IN THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS AND IS CALLED ENSIGN GERSHOM TUTTLE.” ⭐⭐ THAT SETTLES THE CONFLICT LOGGED IN TUTTLE-33. The gravestone calls him ENSIGN; the 1883 book calls him “Capt. of the train-band”. The Ensign’s commission came from the FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS, not the local militia — so the stone is recording war service, and the two titles are two different things. ⭐ NEW RESEARCH TARGET: the Connecticut French and Indian War rolls, c.1755–1762. ⭐⭐⭐ AND IT EXPLAINS THE 1742 PETITION GROUP. He did not drift to Farmington — he went with a COLONY of Cheshire people, which is why Simon Tuttle and the other names on that petition [TUTTLE-20/23] are the same names as the Cheshire records. They moved as a body, and Chippen’s Hill is where they landed. ⚠⚠⚠ AND A LEAD FLAGGED, NOT WRITTEN AS A FINDING. The manuscript continues: “As is well known there was much dissention there in New Cambridge before and during the Revolutionary War. CHIPPENS HILL WAS A CENTER OF EPISCOPALIAN AND ‘TORY’ FEELING. Many of the families…” — and the transcript breaks off there. ⚠ DO NOT DRAW THE OBVIOUS CONCLUSION. Two facts already on this chart point in opposite directions: his son Gershom II is a DOCUMENTED PATRIOT (DAR A131791, paid by the Connecticut Assembly in 1780), and a Simon Tuttle was one of ten men who in 1747 “publikly declared themselves of the Church of England” at New Cambridge [TUTTLE-20]. Read the next page of the manuscript before a word of this goes in as fact. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ “CARLETON” IS SOLVED, AND IT IS ARLINGTON — 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-38]. Miscellaneous Notes on New England Families (FS film #007549089, ark 3:1:3QS7-89DX-THK7) — a manuscript that had already solved this problem and cites its sources: “Gershom Tuttle was the son of Timothy Tuttle and his wife THANKFUL DOOLITTLE, and was born in Wallingford, Aug. 11, 1714 (Wallingford Vitals, vol. 2, p. 799). … As a young man Gershom Tuttle removed from Wallingford to northern Massachusetts, where he took up THE LAND WHICH HIS FATHER TIMOTHY TUTTLE HAD OBTAINED IN THE NEW TOWN OF ARLINGTON, JUST ABOVE NORTHFIELD (which later became WINCHESTER, NEW HAMPSHIRE). During the time he was up there he evidently stayed some time in NORTHFIELD (where HIS UNCLE THE REV. BENJAMIN DOOLITTLE was the Pastor of the church) and Sunderland, somewhat farther south. There, in Sunderland, Mass., Gershom Tuttle married, Oct. 17, 1737, LOIS ALLIS (from Sunderland Town records, as given in the History of Sunderland). She was the daughter of WILLIAM ALLIS of Sunderland…” ⭐ The clerk’s hand read “Carleton” and “Earlenton” — it is ARLINGTON, and the flag on that one word was worth keeping. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ AND THE MOVE WAS KINSHIP, NOT SPECULATION. His father held the proprietor’s right; his MOTHER’S BROTHER was the minister twenty miles down the road at Northfield; he lodged with his uncle and married a girl from Sunderland. That also confirms THANKFUL DOOLITTLE as his mother from a third independent direction — this compiler calls Rev. Benjamin Doolittle his UNCLE. ⭐⭐⭐ AND IT MAKES HIS LIFE A SHAPE: Arlington became WINCHESTER, NEW HAMPSHIRE — so the frontier township he settled at twenty-two was in what is now New Hampshire, and he died in New Hampshire, at Claremont, forty-one years later. He went north twice, and the second time he stayed. ⭐ AND WE NOW HAVE THE CITATION FOR HIS BIRTH ENTRY: WALLINGFORD VITALS, VOL. 2, PAGE 799. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ THE DEED READ AT THE PAGE — 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-37]. FamilySearch ark 3:1:3QS7-89ZD-JW67, image 445 of 849, Hampden/Springfield, Massachusetts Land Records 1735–1737: “Know all Men by these presents that I TIMOTHY TUTTLE of Wallingford in the County of New Haven and Colony of Connecticutt in New England, for divers good causes and considerations and perticularly for LOVE, GOOD WILL AND FATHERLY AFFECTION that I have and [bear] to MY SON GERSHOM TUTTLE of Carleton in the County of Hampshire and province of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, have therefore given, granted and firmly pass over … unto him my said son Gershom Tuttle and to his heirs and assigns forever ALL MY RIGHT OF LAND IN SAID [CARLETON], as well that which is already laid out and all other Divisions that shall be hereafter in said TOWNSHIP on my said RIGHT to be laid out and surveyed … I am the True, Sole and Lawfull owner of the above given and Granted premises … to Warrant, Secure and Defend him the said Gersham Tuttle…” ‘Fatherly affection’ is the standard phrase of a New England gift deed, and it is the plainest statement of parentage the period produces. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ AND IT REWRITES THE ORDER OF EVENTS. He is already “of … the County of HAMPSHIRE, Massachusetts” in 1736 — a year and more BEFORE he married Lois Allis at Sunderland in October 1737. He did not go north because of the deed; he was already there, and his father signed his own share over to him. Sunderland, Hatfield and Montague — the whole Allis country — are in that same county. So the marriage is not a mystery any more: he was a young man on the Massachusetts frontier who married a local girl. ⚠⚠ WHAT “CARLETON” IS, IS STILL OPEN — and the deed itself narrows it hard. It is a TOWNSHIP in which Timothy held a PROPRIETOR’S RIGHT, with later divisions still to be laid out — that is the signature of one of the NEW MASSACHUSETTS TOWNSHIPS granted in 1735, not an old settled town. The transcript renders the name twice and differently (“Carleton”, “Earlenton”), so the clerk’s hand is ambiguous. Identify it against the 1735 Hampshire County township grants and the proprietors’ records — that will say exactly where he was living at 22. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ THE LAST UNDOCUMENTED LINK IN THE TUTTLE LINE IS CLOSED — 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-36]. A DEED OF GIFT OF 1736 IN WHICH TIMOTHY TUTTLE CALLS GERSHOM HIS SON, TWICE. FamilySearch full-text, Springfield, Hampden, Massachusetts. Land Records 1734-1735, 1735-1737, 1736-1744, YEARS: 1736, nine matched passages — “…presents that I TIMOTHY TUTTLE OF WALLINGFORD in …” · “…and are to my SON GERSHOM TUTTLE of Carleton in …” · “…unto him my said son Gershom Tuttle and to his …” · “…to him the said Gershom [Tuttle] his heirs &c…” · “…to and with the said Gershom Tuttle his heirs and…” · “…I the said Timothy Tuttle do bind my self and …” · “…whereof I the said Timothy Tuttle have hereunto …” · “…date above written Timothy Tuttle the above …” The same instrument appears again in Hampden, Massachusetts. Cemetery Land Deeds 1733-1737 — “…and Bare to my son Gershom Tuttle of…” ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ AND IT EXPLAINS THE MARRIAGE THAT HAS PUZZLED THIS FILE FOR DAYS. Why would a Cheshire, Connecticut man marry LOIS ALLIS at SUNDERLAND, MASSACHUSETTS in October 1737? Because in 1736 his father deeded him land in the Massachusetts Connecticut Valley. (Springfield’s registry served the whole valley — Hampden was part of HAMPSHIRE County until 1812, so these ARE the Hampshire records.) Father gives land 1736 → son marries a valley girl 1737 → son is buying in Farmington by 1739-40. The sequence finally reads. ⚠ TWO THINGS STILL TO DO ON IT: ① open the deed IMAGE — everything above is FamilySearch’s OCR of the deed book, which is the record’s own words but not yet read at the page; ② “Gershom Tuttle of CARLETON” is unexplained — no Massachusetts or Connecticut town of that name fits 1736. Probably an OCR misreading of the son’s residence. Flagged, not smoothed over. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ SPOFFORD’S TRANSCRIPTION READ AT SOURCE, 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-35] — Grave Stone Records from the Ancient Cemeteries in the Town of Claremont, N.H. (1896), image 78: “Tuttle Gershom, Esq. Aug. 13, 1777, 63y.” ⚠⚠ SELF-CORRECTION #16: TUTTLE-33 transcribed the photograph as “in ye 63d Year of his Age”. Spofford, standing at the stone in 1896, reads it as an AGE — 63 years — and the arithmetic agrees: b. 11 Aug 1714, d. 13 Aug 1777 is 63 years and two days. Spofford’s reading is the one to carry; mine was made from a photograph at an angle. The day I hedged as ‘5th or 15th’ is the 13th. ⛔⛔ AND A BOUNDED NEGATIVE THAT MATTERS. Spofford transcribed EVERY ancient cemetery in the town, and there are only THREE Tuttles in the whole book: “Tuttle Gershom, Esq. Aug. 13, 1777, 63y. · Tuttle Hannah, wife of Oliver. Sept. 12, 1785, 42y. · Tuttle Daniel, son of Oliver and Hannah. March 2, 1777, 4y.” NO WIFE OF GERSHOM I IS BURIED AT CLAREMONT. Lois Allis is not beside him, and she is not in that town at all. So she died before the family left Connecticut, or she is buried somewhere else entirely — see node 769. ⭐⭐⭐ WHAT IS THERE INSTEAD IS A HARDER STORY. The other two Tuttles are his son OLIVER’S wife and OLIVER’S small son: Daniel, aged four, buried 2 March 1777 — and Gershom I himself five months later, 13 August 1777. This family buried a grandson in the spring and the grandfather in the summer of the same year. And Hannah, Oliver’s wife, died 12 September 1785 aged 42 — which is very likely why Oliver left: the 1883 book has him going from Claremont to New York “about 1790”, five years after burying her. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ THE GRAVE IS FOUND, AND IT IS NOT WHERE THE BOOK SAID — 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-34]. ENS Gershom Tuttle, b. 11 Aug 1714 Wallingford, Connecticut; d. 13 Aug 1777, aged 63, at CLAREMONT, SULLIVAN COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE. Buried UNION CEMETERY, Claremont — Section B, Lot 106. Find a Grave memorial 33451086 (created 2009), citing Charles B. Spofford, Grave Stone Records from the Ancient Cemeteries in the Town of Claremont, N.H., 1896 — a published transcription, not a user guess. The transcription records “Esq. — age 63 years.” ⚠⚠⚠ THE 1883 BOOK IS WRONG ON THE PLACE AS WELL AS THE DATE. Entry 925 says “rem. from Cheshire to Bristol, and d. there, a. 74”. He did not die at Bristol and he was not 74. He died at Claremont, New Hampshire, two days after his sixty-third birthday. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ AND THIS EXPLAINS SOMETHING WE HAD NO EXPLANATION FOR. Entry 9251 says his son the patriot “went FIRST TO NEW HAMPSHIRE, thence about 1790 to Clinton, Oneida Co., N.Y.” The New Hampshire stage was his FATHER’S move. Gershom I took the family from Connecticut to Claremont and died there in the second summer of the Revolution. ⭐⭐⭐ AND THE WHOLE SIBLING GROUP WENT AND LEFT TOGETHER: the same 1883 book, image 713, has “OLIVER Tuttle, from CLAREMONT, N.H., to N.Y. state about 1790; rem. from Paris, Oneida Co., N.Y.…” — and Oliver, b. 1739, is Gershom I’s second son. Two brothers, same town, same year, same destination. Cheshire/Bristol, Conn. → Claremont, N.H. → Paris & Clinton, Oneida Co., N.Y. ⭐⭐ HIS CHILDREN, as the memorial links them: Gershom II 1738–1818 (the patriot), Oliver 1739–1834, Samuel 1747–1805, and LOIS, d. 1769 — ⭐⭐⭐⭐ a daughter named LOIS, which is his wife’s name. The 1883 book prints only “He m. ——.” A daughter called Lois is exactly what a man married to LOIS ALLIS (node 769) names his girl. ——— Earlier note: ✅ THE 1777 HEADSTONE IS THIS MAN — GERSHOM I — confirmed by Alec 6 Aug 2026. Not the patriot (II, d. 5 Jan 1818) and not the Colonel (III, d. 5 Sep 1823). The stone’s own arithmetic is what rules them out: “in ye 63d Year of his Age” in 1777 requires a birth in 1714–15, which is I and only I. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ HIS HEADSTONE, 6 Aug 2026 — ALEC FOUND IT ON FIND A GRAVE AND SENT THE PHOTOGRAPH [TUTTLE-33]. A slate stone with a winged soul effigy, reading: “In Memory of En[sig]n GERSHOM TUTTLE Who died Aug[us]t [1]5th AD 1777, in ye 63d Year of his Age. A Man of Sober Life, Who Lived beloved & Lamented died, & may his Rest…” ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ THE ARITHMETIC IS EXACT AND IT PROVES THE MAN. Born 11 August 1714, he turned 63 on 11 August 1777 — so a death in early August 1777 leaves him 62 years old, i.e. IN HIS 63d YEAR, to the week. A gravestone cut in 1777 and a genealogy printed in 1883 agree to the month, from opposite ends of a century. ⭐ UPGRADED part → ok. He now has: a contemporary monument; a birth date corroborated by it; the 1742 New Cambridge petition signed “Gerfhum Tuttle”; Farmington land purchases from 1739-40; his marriage at Sunderland 17 Oct 1737; and the Farmington birth record of his son naming him as father. ⚠⚠ AND IT REFUTES THE 1883 BOOK — sixth error caught in that volume. The book says “rem. from Cheshire to Bristol, and d. there, a. 74”, which would put his death about 1788. The stone says 1777 and 62. The book is wrong by eleven years and the printed “a. 74” is withdrawn. ⚠ RANK CONFLICT, LOGGED: the stone calls him ENSIGN; the 1883 book calls him “Capt. of the train-band.” Both can be true across one life (ensign, then captain) — but the stone is the contemporary document and it chose Ensign. ⭐⭐ HE DIED IN THE SECOND SUMMER OF THE REVOLUTION, while his son Gershom was conducting provision teams for the Connecticut Assembly. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ AND THE FAMILYSEARCH TREE WAS RIGHT — SAY SO. This node’s own outstanding note read: “The FS tree calls him ‘Ensign Gershom Tuttle, 1714–1777’ — a lead to TEST, not to adopt.” Tested. Both the rank and both years are on the stone. That tree has been wrong six times in this project and it is right here, and it deserves the same plain statement the errors got. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ THE WALL IS DOWN — 6 Aug 2026, ENTRY 925 OF THE 1883 TUTTLE GENEALOGY, READ IN FULL [TUTTLE-30]: “925. Gershom Tuttle, b. Aug. 11, 1714; rem. from CHESHIRE to BRISTOL, and d. there, a. 74. He appears on the Farmington, Conn., rec. as a buyer of land, first in 1739-40, and frequently afterward as buyer or seller. He was CAPT. OF THE TRAIN-BAND. He m. ——.” A birth date, a death, an origin town and a militia rank, for a man who six hours ago had none of them. ⭐ Every part of it corroborates what we already held from records, which is the only way a published genealogy earns credit: he is buying land in Farmington in 1739-40, two years before he signs the October 1742 New Cambridge petition [TUTTLE-20]; and Bristol IS the New Cambridge parish of Farmington until 1785, so the book and the petition describe one man in one place. ⭐⭐ AND IT IDENTIFIES SIMON. Entry 928 Simon Tuttle “rec. a deed of land … from his father, Timothy Tuttle” — so the second Tuttle on the 1742 petition was Gershom’s own BROTHER. ⚠⚠ THE BOOK LEAVES HIS WIFE A DASH — AND WE HAVE HER NAME AND THE BOOK DID NOT. The standard authority on this family for a hundred and forty years prints “He m. ——”; the Sunderland, Massachusetts town record gives LOIS ALLIS, 17 October 1737 (node 769). It also explains the move: a Cheshire man does not start buying Farmington land in 1739-40 by accident — he had married in October 1737. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ HIS FATHER IS NOW KNOWN: DEA. TIMOTHY TUTTLE of Cheshire (node 1536), whose child-list on image 575 runs “IV. Mary, b. Oct. 3, 1712 … V. Gershom, b. Aug. 11, 1714” — entry 924 and entry 925, exactly as the numbering predicted. ——— Earlier notes on this node follow. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 6 Aug 2026 — a whole generation added at Alec’s request. Named as the father on the Farmington, Connecticut birth record of Gershom the patriot, 22 Aug 1738 (ark 1:1:F74C-P4J). ⭐ His family is reconstructable from the Farmington births: Gershom 1738, Oliver 1739, Eunice 1743, Hannah 1745, Samuel 1747, Huldah 1749 — a child every two years, then an eleven-year gap before the next set (Solomon 1760, Solomon 1762, Theoderit 1763), which belong to his SON and Tabitha Mitchell [TUTTLE-15].
Outstanding: ⛔ His own birth is NOT in the FamilySearch index at all — searched Gershom Tuttle b.1695×1725 across every collection: zero. So the next generation back cannot be reached by index. Routes: Farmington land records (father-to-son conveyance is the classic proof), Hartford District probate, and — most likely — Hampshire Co., Massachusetts records, since he married there. ⚠ The FS tree calls him “Ensign Gershom Tuttle, 1714–1777” — a lead to TEST, not to adopt. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ FOUND IN A DATED DOCUMENT, 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-20]: he signs the October 1742 petition of the inhabitants of NEW CAMBRIDGE to hire a winter preacher, printed as “Gerfhum Tuttle” (long-s for Gershum). His son was four years old in 1742, so this is the father. It puts him there as a ratepaying householder, not just a name in a birth register — and it confirms from a third direction that Bristol and Farmington are one place: New Cambridge petitioned for winter preaching precisely because it was a remote parish of Farmington. ⭐⭐ A second Tuttle household is there too: SIMON TUTTLE, signer in 1744 and one of ten who in 1747 “publikly declared themselves of the Church of England” — the most promising associated name for Gershom Sr.’s family. ⛔ The Bristol history gives NO origin for any Tuttle. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ [TUTTLE-17]: Hampshire Co., Mass. probate, 1739/40, records the appraisers of Samuel Taylor’s estate as “Nathan TUTHILL, William Allis, Joseph Root” — TUTHILL is a spelling of TUTTLE. So there were Tuttles AT SUNDERLAND in 1739, standing beside William Allis in the same document, two years after Gershom married Lois there. That is what explains how a Tuttle came to be in that town at all. Look for Gershom Sr. among the SUNDERLAND / Hampshire County TUTHILLS, not among the Connecticut Tuttles — and SPELL IT BOTH WAYS.
","s":"Ensign Gershom Tuttle I was born 11 August 1714 in Wallingford, Connecticut, the son of Timothy Tuttle and Thankful Doolittle. As a young man he moved to the Massachusetts frontier, taking up land his father had obtained in a new township near Northfield, and there he married Lois Allis at Sunderland on 17 October 1737. The couple went on to settle at Chippen's Hill in the New Cambridge parish of Farmington, Connecticut (now Bristol), where he became a prominent landholder and churchman and served in the French and Indian Wars, earning the rank of ensign.
Late in life he moved his family north again, to Claremont, New Hampshire, where he died 13 August 1777, in the second summer of the Revolutionary War — even as his son Gershom II was serving as a wagon-team conductor for the Continental cause back in Connecticut.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[{"u":"img/tuttle-tuttle-33-headstone-ensign-gershom-tuttle-died-aug-1777-in-his-63d-year.jpg","c":"Headstone of Ensign Gershom Tuttle, died August 1777","w":""}],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"769":{"n":"Lois Allis","d":"b. 13 Jan 1707/8 Hatfield; m. 17 Oct 1737, Sunderland; sister of Mary Allis","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ THE SUNDERLAND TOWN MARRIAGE RECORD ITSELF, 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-41] — History of the Town of Sunderland, image 690: “TUTTLE, Gershom, and LOIS ALLIS, were m. Oct. 17, 1737.” A fourth independent witness, and this one is the town’s own register rather than a genealogy. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ AND HER SISTER MATTERS. Image 355 gives William Allis’s children including “MARY, b. Feb. 18, 1705; m. Joseph Mitchell” and “LOIS, b. Jan. 13, 1708; m. Oct. 17, 1737, Gershom Tuttle”. Mary Allis is TABITHA MITCHELL’S MOTHER (node 771) — so Lois’s son married Lois’s niece. The Tuttles did not merely keep their Massachusetts ties; they married back into the same house twice. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐ A THIRD SOURCE, AND IT NAMES HER FATHER [TUTTLE-38]: “There, in Sunderland, Mass., Gershom Tuttle married, Oct. 17, 1737, LOIS ALLIS (from Sunderland Town records, as given in the History of Sunderland). She was the daughter of WILLIAM ALLIS of Sunderland” — confirming node 1538 as her father from outside the Allis genealogy and outside the FamilySearch index. ⭐ The same compiler notes “the marriage of Gershom Tuttle is NOT GIVEN in the Tuttle genealogy, and it took considerable intuitive research to discover it” — someone else hit the same blank dash in the 1883 book and had to go round it the same way we did. ⭐⭐ NEW LEAD ON WHERE SHE WENT: the History of Sunderland prints the town records — look there for her death, and for any later Tuttle entries. ——— Earlier note: ⛔⛔ WHERE SHE IS NOT — 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-35]. Her husband died at Claremont, New Hampshire in 1777 and is buried there. Spofford’s 1896 transcription of every ancient cemetery in that town contains only three Tuttles, and none of them is his wife. Lois is not buried beside him. ⭐ THE TWO LIVE POSSIBILITIES: ① she died in Connecticut before the family moved north — her last recorded child is Huldah, 1749, and she would have been 41; or ② she outlived him elsewhere. ⭐⭐ AND THERE IS A HINT ON HIS MEMORIAL: a daughter LOIS, d. 1769 — a girl named for her mother, dying eight years before her father. Look for BOTH Loises in Connecticut, and in the Bristol/Farmington burying grounds. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ CONFIRMED AND UPGRADED part → ok, 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-18]: the Genealogy of William Allis of Hatfield (1919) records at entry 66, from the bride’s side and with no interest in the Tuttle line at all: “66. Lois, b. Jan. 13, 1708; married GERSHOM TUTTLE on October 17, 1737.” Two independent sources now record this marriage. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ UPGRADED hyp → part, 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-16]: “Lois Allis, christened 13 January 1707[/8], HATFIELD, Hampshire, Massachusetts — parents WM. ALLIS and ELIZABETH”, agreed by four independent index entries. (The 1707/1708 split is Old Style dating, not a conflict — the year began 25 March.) ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ And her family MOVED FROM HATFIELD TO SUNDERLAND between Dec 1710 and Oct 1713 — her brother Zebediah was born at Sunderland in 1713. So the 1737 Sunderland marriage is not a coincidence of place: Sunderland was the Allis family’s own town, and a bride marries in her father’s parish. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 6 Aug 2026. “Gershom Tuttle and LOIS ALLIS — marriage 17 October 1737 — Sunderland, Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay” (ark 1:1:FC3B-2FM). Ten months and five days before the Farmington birth. ⭐⭐⭐ The corroboration that makes this more than a name-match: the SON married Tabitha Mitchell at DEERFIELD, Massachusetts in 1757 — and Deerfield and Sunderland are six miles apart. Father marries at Sunderland, son marries at Deerfield: that is a family tie to one small stretch of the Connecticut River valley, in two generations.
Outstanding: ⚠⚠ HYPOTHESIS, not proof. The marriage does not say the couple removed to Farmington, and the Farmington birth does not name a mother. What settles it: any record naming “Gershom Tuttle AND LOIS HIS WIFE” together — a Farmington deed, a Hartford probate, or a church admission. Do not upgrade to ‘ok’ until that is in hand. ⚠ Watch this seam: Lois was about 30 at marriage and 41 at her last recorded child — possible, but late. If a Farmington record ever names a different wife, this is where the reconstruction fails.
","s":"Lois Allis was born 13 January 1707/8 in Hatfield, Massachusetts, the daughter of William Allis and Elizabeth Davis, and the sister of Mary Allis. She married Gershom Tuttle I at Sunderland, Massachusetts, on 17 October 1737, in her own family's town.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"770":{"n":"Joseph Mitchell","d":"b. 1705, a weaver; Deerfield → Sunderland → Ashfield; d. 16 Sept 1794","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ HIS FATHER IS NAMED AND THE MAYFLOWER QUESTION IS ANSWERED — 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-42]. Sheldon, Deerfield vol. 2, image 505: “4, Joseph, s. of MICHAEL (1), b. 1705; WEAVER; lived a few yrs. in Sund.; was at Ash[field] 1769; per. d. there Sept. 16, 1794. He m. Nov. 2, 1726, MARY ALLIS of Sund.; she d. Nov. 8, 1783, a. 77.” A weaver, not a farmer — and Mary Allis’s death is now dated too: 8 November 1783. ⛔⛔ AND HIS FATHER IS NOT A PLYMOUTH MITCHELL. See node 1540 — the Mayflower door is shut. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-41] — TABITHA MITCHELL’S FATHER, from the town record. History of the Town of Sunderland, image 567: “MITCHELL, Joseph, m. Nov. 2, 1726, MARY, dau. WILLIAM ALLIS.” ⭐ Sheldon’s Deerfield gives the family: son Joseph, b. 3 Mar 1726-7 AT SUNDERLAND — four months after the wedding — then TABITHA, b. 9 Feb 1736/7, and daughters Hannah (m. Zadock King 1751), Mary (m. 1753, of Ashfield), Thankful and Lydia, each styled “dau. Joseph Mitchell”. The family moved Sunderland → Deerfield.
Outstanding: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ HIS OWN ORIGIN IS THE LAST OPEN QUESTION ON THE MAYFLOWER FILE. The Sunderland book gives his marriage but not where he came from. ⛔ Tabitha’s MOTHER’S line is now known and is Allis — Massachusetts Bay, 1640, not Plymouth. So the entire Mayflower question rests on this one man. ⭐ WHY IT IS STILL WORTH ASKING: the Plymouth Mitchells descend from EXPERIENCE MITCHELL (the Anne, 1623), who married JANE COOKE, daughter of FRANCIS COOKE, Mayflower 1620 — and Sheldon records “Experience Mitchell of Ashfield” marrying a FULLER in 1774, one generation on, in this same valley. “Experience” is the name that gets carried. ⚠⚠ A NAME IS NOT A DESCENT. ⭐ ROUTES: Sheldon’s MITCHELL head-of-family paragraph (image 505, line-broken); the Sunderland proprietors’ and town records before 1726; and a SAMUEL Mitchell who had a Sunderland land grant in 1737 “if he abide five years” — probably kin.
","s":"Joseph Mitchell was born in 1705 and worked as a weaver, living successively at Deerfield, Sunderland and Ashfield, Massachusetts, before his death on 16 September 1794. He married Mary Allis on 2 November 1726, and among their children was a daughter, Tabitha, who would go on to marry Gershom Tuttle II.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"771":{"n":"Mary Allis","d":"b. 18 Feb 1705, Hatfield; m. 2 Nov 1726 – d. 8 Nov 1783, aged 77","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐ HER DEATH, 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-42]: Sheldon gives “she d. Nov. 8, 1783, a. 77” — which is the first death date we have for either Allis sister, and her own sister Lois still has none. ⚠ Small discrepancy logged: born 18 Feb 1705 she would have been 78 in November 1783, not 77. A one-year age on a death notice is the least reliable figure in the record; the birth entry is preferred. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-41] — AND SHE IS LOIS ALLIS’S ELDER SISTER. History of the Town of Sunderland, image 355, in William Allis’s family: “Ch.: MARY, b. Feb. 18, 1705; m. Joseph Mitchell.” and three lines later “LOIS, b. Jan. 13, 1708; m. Oct. 17, 1737, Gershom Tuttle.” Two sisters, three years apart. Mary’s daughter Tabitha married Lois’s son Gershom in 1757. ⭐ Her birth of 18 February 1705 matches the 1919 Allis genealogy’s “Mary 1705” [TUTTLE-16] exactly, from a separate book and the town’s own records.
Outstanding: ⭐⭐ PEDIGREE COLLAPSE: her parents are WILLIAM ALLIS (node 1538) and ELIZABETH DAVIS (node 1539), who are already on this chart as the parents of Lois. They are not duplicated here — the same couple simply occupies two positions, which is what a first-cousin marriage does to a pedigree. ⚠ Her death is not recorded here. The Sunderland and Deerfield registers are the place to look.
10 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-79/-VERDICT]: her parentage re-verified with a second compilation (the 1919 Allis genealogy, agreeing to the day). Her parents’ own ancestry continues — fully charted — under their other occurrence: 1538/1539 → 3076/3077 → 6152/6153 (and 3078/3079 on the Davis side). The trail does not stop here; it runs through her sister Lois’s slot.
","s":"Mary Allis was born 18 February 1705 in Hatfield, Massachusetts, and married Joseph Mitchell on 2 November 1726. She died 8 November 1783. She was the elder sister of Lois Allis, and in a fitting turn of family history, Mary's daughter Tabitha and Lois's son Gershom later married one another — making their shared Allis parents ancestors of this family twice over.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"960":{"n":"John Adam Roush","d":"1711, the Palatinate – 19 Oct 1786, Shenandoah Co., Virginia","g":"part","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐ THE IMMIGRANT — AND HE IS HIMSELF A RECOGNISED PATRIOT [ROUSH-54, 7 August 2026].
DAR Ancestor # A098982 — Service: VIRGINIA, PATRIOTIC SERVICE: “FURNISHED SUPPLIES.” Source: Library of Virginia, APA 241, Impressed Property Claims Certificates 1780–1783, Shenandoah County, #2453. Born 1711 in the Palatinate; died 19 October 1786, Shenandoah County, Virginia. This is Johann Adam Rausch, the man every American Roush of this family descends from.
⚠⚠ GRADED HYPOTHESIS, AND THE REASON MATTERS. That Jonas and George were his sons is the settled family tradition and is repeated everywhere — but this project has not yet read a record that says so, and tradition is not record. The DAR recognises all three men separately; it does not, on the pages read, tie these two to that father.
⭐ If it is proved, it produces a real pedigree collapse — John Roush and Regina Roush were cousins, so this one man would occupy two positions on Alec’s chart at once, and anything found about him would count twice.
⭐⭐ Per Alec’s standing rule, this is where the line stops. He is the immigrant. The Palatinate is not to be researched until the American tree is finished.
Outstanding: his will or estate, Shenandoah County, 1786 — the one document that would name his sons in his own words and move this node and the two above it in a single stroke.
⭐ UPGRADED hyp → part, 8 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [ROUSH-60/-VERDICT]: the 1928 book ties George AND Jonas to John & Susannah in four internal places (incl. the Old Pine Church 1786 baptismal-sponsor entry); Daniel Roush's 1832 will and George's pension S18579 (read in full) document the sibling set — John (Capt.), George, Jonas, Henry, Jacob, Philip, Daniel — though no document yet names the father outside the book. 'ok' refused pending John Adam's own 1786 Shenandoah probate; the 1773 Mill Creek grant (400 ac., him + wife Susannah) is the named anchor document.
","s":"John Adam Roush was born in 1711 in the Palatinate region of Germany and died 19 October 1786 in Shenandoah County, Virginia. He is recognized by the Daughters of the American Revolution as a patriot for furnishing supplies during the Revolutionary War, and he was the immigrant ancestor from whom the American Roush family descends. He probably was the father of sons John, George, Jonas, Henry, Jacob, Philip and Daniel, a connection the family's own history has long carried, though it has not yet been confirmed by a document in his own hand, such as a will. In keeping with the family's practice of tracing each line back only to its immigrant ancestor, research on him stops at his arrival in America, without following the family further back into Germany.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":["patriot","immigrant"],"rd":0},"964":{"n":"John Adam Roush","d":"1711, the Palatinate – 19 Oct 1786, Shenandoah Co., Virginia","g":"part","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐ THE IMMIGRANT — AND HE IS HIMSELF A RECOGNISED PATRIOT [ROUSH-54, 7 August 2026].
DAR Ancestor # A098982 — Service: VIRGINIA, PATRIOTIC SERVICE: “FURNISHED SUPPLIES.” Source: Library of Virginia, APA 241, Impressed Property Claims Certificates 1780–1783, Shenandoah County, #2453. Born 1711 in the Palatinate; died 19 October 1786, Shenandoah County, Virginia. This is Johann Adam Rausch, the man every American Roush of this family descends from.
⚠⚠ GRADED HYPOTHESIS, AND THE REASON MATTERS. That George and George were his sons is the settled family tradition and is repeated everywhere — but this project has not yet read a record that says so, and tradition is not record. The DAR recognises all three men separately; it does not, on the pages read, tie these two to that father.
⭐ If it is proved, it produces a real pedigree collapse — John Roush and Regina Roush were cousins, so this one man would occupy two positions on Alec’s chart at once, and anything found about him would count twice.
⭐⭐ Per Alec’s standing rule, this is where the line stops. He is the immigrant. The Palatinate is not to be researched until the American tree is finished.
Outstanding: his will or estate, Shenandoah County, 1786 — the one document that would name his sons in his own words and move this node and the two above it in a single stroke.
⭐ UPGRADED hyp → part, 8 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [ROUSH-60/-VERDICT]: the 1928 book ties George AND Jonas to John & Susannah in four internal places (incl. the Old Pine Church 1786 baptismal-sponsor entry); Daniel Roush's 1832 will and George's pension S18579 (read in full) document the sibling set — John (Capt.), George, Jonas, Henry, Jacob, Philip, Daniel — though no document yet names the father outside the book. 'ok' refused pending John Adam's own 1786 Shenandoah probate; the 1773 Mill Creek grant (400 ac., him + wife Susannah) is the named anchor document.
","s":"John Adam Roush was born in 1711 in the Palatinate region of Germany and died 19 October 1786 in Shenandoah County, Virginia. He is recognized by the Daughters of the American Revolution as a patriot for furnishing supplies during the Revolutionary War, and he was the immigrant ancestor from whom the American Roush family descends. This line reaches him again through a second grandchild, a reminder that two of his descendants married one another; he probably was the father of sons John, George, Jonas, Henry, Jacob, Philip and Daniel, though that parentage still awaits confirmation from a document in his own hand. Research on him stops at his arrival in America, in keeping with the family's practice of not tracing lines further back into Germany.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":["patriot","immigrant"],"rd":0},"1536":{"n":"Dea. Timothy Tuttle","d":"b. c.1682 New Haven – d. 1756; m.(1) Thankful Doolittle 2 Nov 1706, Wallingford","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ THE 1736 DEED, READ AT THE PAGE [TUTTLE-37] — ark 3:1:3QS7-89ZD-JW67, image 445: “I Timothy Tuttle of Wallingford … for love, good will and FATHERLY AFFECTION … to my son Gershom Tuttle … all my Right of land in said [Carleton] … on my said RIGHT to be laid out and surveyed.” ⭐⭐ A NEW FACT ABOUT HIM: the Cheshire deacon was a PROPRIETOR IN A MASSACHUSETTS FRONTIER TOWNSHIP. He held a share in one of the new Hampshire County grants and signed the whole of it over to his second son — which is how a Connecticut family ends up marrying into the Connecticut Valley of Massachusetts a year later. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ HE NAMES GERSHOM AS HIS SON IN A 1736 DEED [TUTTLE-36] — “I TIMOTHY TUTTLE OF WALLINGFORD … to my SON GERSHOM TUTTLE …”, Springfield (Hampshire Co.), Massachusetts land records, 1736, nine matched passages. With this, EVERY parent-to-child link in the Tuttle line from Alec back to the immigrant rests on a record, not on a book. ⭐ It is also the second father-to-son conveyance in this family we have found: his own father Simon deeded HIM 9½ acres on 10 July 1711. Three generations, two deeds, one habit. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ BEACH’S HISTORY OF CHESHIRE CORROBORATES THE WHOLE OF HIS LIFE, FROM THE TOWN’S OWN PAPERS [TUTTLE-35]: “Timothy Tuttle erected a house about 1706, at the end of the road to the south side of Broad Swamp” (image 100) — the year he married Thankful Doolittle. He built the house and took the wife in the same season. The 19 December 1715 petition of the farmers on the west side of the river, printed in full (image 73): “…ye Bounds we Desire assigned is west from ye rever as high as Timothy tuttle & timothy Beach’s…” — and Beach adds (image 74) “Timothy Tuttle lived near the west end of the road ‘to ye south of Broad Swamp’”, about four miles west of the river and three miles north of Timothy Beach. 16 September 1723 — the first meeting of the New Cheshire society — “Timothy Tuttle was chosen MODERATOR” (image 83). On the committee “to manage the affair of the ordination” with Sergt. John Hotchkiss and Stephen Hotchkiss (image 92). 1 December 1741, “decon Timothy Tuttle” on the committee to petition for town privileges (image 118). ⭐ And his fourth marriage from the same register (image 579): “Dea. Timothy Tuttle m. Sarah Humerston June 28, 1749” — matching the 1883 book’s Sarah (Atwater) Humiston to the day, from an independent transcription. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ HIS FIRST MARRIAGE, AND THE 1682 BIRTH, CONFIRMED FROM A THIRD DIRECTION — 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-34]. “On 02 Nov 1706 she married Timothy Tuttle in Wallingford, CT and raised a large family. Timothy was the son of Simon and ABIGAIL BEACH Tuttle.” — Find a Grave memorial 139363422 for Thankful Doolittle Tuttle, now node 1537. A man marrying in November 1706 is 24 on the 1682 reading and 54 on the book’s printed 1652. The marriage settles it. ⭐ Find a Grave and WikiTree independently give him 1682–1756, inside the bracket we had derived (dead between June 1749 and May 1761). ⭐ It also supplies his mother’s surname: ABIGAIL BEACH — see node 3073. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ UPGRADED part → ok [TUTTLE-32] — his father deeded him land and the deed is dated. “July 10, 1711, he gives to son, TIMOTHY, the land, 9½ acres, ‘I bought of Roger Tyler’” — Simon Tuttle to Timothy Tuttle, Wallingford, 10 July 1711. A father-to-son conveyance is the classic proof of descent in New England, and it is what was missing. ⭐ And Simon’s own deed sequence dates the family’s move: “of New Haven” to 1683, “of Wallingford” from 1685 — which matches “rem. with his father’s family when about 3 years of age” and puts Timothy’s birth at c.1682, not 1652. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 6 Aug 2026 — GENERATION 12 ON THE TUTTLE SIDE, and the generation that broke the wall [TUTTLE-30]. Entry 92 of the 1883 Tuttle genealogy, image 574: “Timothy Tuttle, b. 1652; prob. in N. Haven; rem. with his father’s family when about 3 years of age to WALLINGFORD, Conn. In early life he explored the country to the westward of W. and selected land for a farm, which he cleared with his own hands … working through the week as it was too far to go home every night and returning only on Saturdays, guided by a line of blazed trees he had marked through the woods. The spot is about a mile east of the central part of the village of CHESHIRE. … Here he afterwards erected the first frame house in the town of Cheshire (according to family tradition, but Joseph P. Beach … accords that honor to the Hitchcock house … ‘the Tuttle house may have been the second’). … under its roof were born children, grand children, great gr. chil. and great great gr. chil. of the builder; it was standing until a few years since, when it was burned by an incendiary, being at the time unoccupied.” ⭐ A PUBLIC MAN: he is “Sergeant Tuttle” in the West Wallingford (Cheshire) society records — school-house committee with Matthew Bellamy and Isaac Moss 17 Nov 1729, society MODERATOR 8 Nov 1732, society affairs again 1 Nov 1736 — and “Dea. Timothy Tuttle of Cheshire” after. In 1715 the Wallingford school-district division runs “as far as west of the river, as high as Timothy Tuttle’s and Timothy Beach’s.” ⭐ HIS CHILDREN, numbered exactly as the ladder predicted: 924 Mary b. 3 Oct 1712 (m. Miles Hull of Derby 1729); 925 GERSHOM b. 11 Aug 1714 — OURS; 926 Timothy b. 4 Dec 1716 (rem. to Goshen, d. 23 Oct 1760); 928 SIMON, b. 12 June 1721 — “rec. a deed of land in Cambridge Parish in Southington, Conn., from his father, Timothy Tuttle; he set. in Prospect; m. Nov. 20, 1746, by Rev. Jeremiah Curtis of Southington, who omitted the name of the bride in his record”. ⚠⚠ PARTLY WITHDRAWN THE SAME NIGHT (self-correction #15): I wrote last turn that this is the Simon Tuttle of the 1742 New Cambridge petition [TUTTLE-20]. The book says his land lay in “Cambridge Parish in SOUTHINGTON”, not New Cambridge/Bristol — a different parish of Farmington. He would have been 21 in 1742, so it remains possible and is still the best candidate, but it is a hypothesis again, not an identification. He married four times; the fourth, 28 June 1749, was Sarah (Atwater) Humiston, b. 6 Apr 1693, widow of James Humiston, who “d. his wid. May 28, 1761” — so he died between June 1749 and May 1761.
Outstanding: ⚠⚠ THE PRINTED BIRTH YEAR 1652 CANNOT STAND — FOUR OF THE BOOK’S OWN FACTS REFUTE IT [TUTTLE-30]: ① his father Simon was baptised 28 March 1647 and cannot have a son in 1652; ② the same entry says the family “probably continued in New Haven until after the death of his mother, Dec., 1684”, and Timothy moved with them “when about 3 years of age” → born c.1681–82; ③ his children are born 1712, 1714, 1716 — a father of 30–34 on the 1682 reading, of 60–64 on the 1652 one; ④ he married a fourth wife in 1749 — age 67 on the 1682 reading, age 97 on the 1652 one. Entered here as b. c.1682, with the correction STATED rather than silently made. ⚠ STILL TO DO: read the PAGE IMAGE of 574 to learn whether the error is the book’s or the scan’s. ⚠ ‘part’ on purpose — no record of him has been read yet, only a book. ⭐ THE RECORDS THAT WOULD MOVE HIM TO ‘ok’: the Cheshire church records, which the book itself cites (“births and baptisms copied from Cheshire chh. rec.”) — they should carry his four marriages and the births of 1712–1716; and Wallingford land and probate, including the deed to son Simon.
","s":"Deacon Timothy Tuttle was born about 1682 in New Haven, Connecticut, and moved with his family to Wallingford as a small child. He later cleared land with his own hands a mile east of the center of what became Cheshire, Connecticut, and built a house there said to be among the town's earliest frame houses. He married Thankful Doolittle on 2 November 1706 at Wallingford; after her death he remarried three more times, the last time in 1749, and he died in 1756.
A respected figure in his community, he served as sergeant, church moderator and deacon. In 1736 he deeded his own share of land in a Massachusetts frontier township to his son Gershom, giving it, as the deed itself records, out of \"love, good will and fatherly affection.\"
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"1537":{"n":"Thankful Doolittle","d":"b. 5 Apr 1688 Wallingford – m. 2 Nov 1706 – d. 23 Nov 1728, aged 40","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ CONFIRMED AS GERSHOM’S MOTHER FROM A THIRD DIRECTION [TUTTLE-38] — and by a relationship, not a restatement. Miscellaneous Notes on New England Families: “Gershom Tuttle was the son of Timothy Tuttle and his wife THANKFUL DOOLITTLE”, and when Gershom went north he stayed at Northfield “where HIS UNCLE the Rev. Benjamin Doolittle was the Pastor of the church.” Benjamin Doolittle (1695–1748) is her brother. A man’s uncle is his mother’s brother — the sentence carries the parentage inside it. ⭐ And her family is why the Tuttles knew that country at all. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ UPGRADED part → ok WITHIN THE HOUR — THE MARRIAGE IS IN A PUBLISHED RECORD TRANSCRIPTION [TUTTLE-35]. Joseph Perkins Beach, History of Cheshire, Connecticut, from 1649 to 1840, image 578, printing the town’s own marriage register: “Timothy Tuttle m. Thankfull Doolittle November 2, 1706.” This is no longer a Find a Grave assertion — it is the record, in the standard history of the town, transcribed from the register. ⭐ AND BEACH IS THE RIGHT SOURCE BY NAME: the 1883 Tuttle genealogy cites “Joseph P. Beach, Esq., of Cheshire” as its authority on this family. We have gone to the man the genealogy was quoting. ⭐⭐⭐ AND SHE APPEARS ALIVE IN THE CHURCH BOOK: the New Cheshire admissions list, image 339, records “March, 1725 — WIFE OF TIMOTHY TUTTLE” admitted to the church — three years before she died. Her husband is admitted separately in January 1738-9, ten years after her death. ⭐ Beach also has Timothy erecting his house about 1706 — the year he married her. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ THE EMPTY NODE HAS A NAME — 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-34] — and the prediction written into it came true. THANKFUL DOOLITTLE, b. 5 April 1688, Wallingford, Connecticut; m. Timothy Tuttle at Wallingford, 2 November 1706; d. 23 November 1728, Wallingford, aged 40; burial unknown. Daughter of Sgt. John Doolittle (1655–1746) and Mary Peck (1666–1710). Find a Grave memorial 139363422. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ THE CHRONOLOGY IS EXACT, AND IT WAS PREDICTED. This node was created empty a few hours earlier with the reasoning: “two of Timothy’s four wives are named — Mary Peck m.1729 and Sarah Atwater m.1749 — and BOTH married him after the children of 1712–1721 were born, so the mother is one of the first two wives and the book does not name her.” Thankful died 23 November 1728. Timothy remarried in 1729. THIRTEEN MONTHS. The deduction was right, and she sits exactly in the gap it pointed at. ⭐ She married at 18 and bore children across at least seventeen years — Ephraim 1710, Mary 1712, GERSHOM 1714, Timothy 1716, Simon 1721, Moses 1723 — and died at forty, with the youngest five years old. ⭐ Her 1706 marriage is also the cleanest proof yet that her husband was born c.1682 and not 1652.
Outstanding: ⚠⚠ ‘part’ — a Find a Grave memorial is a COMPILED source and no record has been read. ⭐ But it is not a bare assertion: it carries a specific date, a specific place, named parents and a marriage date, and it lands inside a gap identified independently before it was found. That is corroboration, not coincidence. ⭐ WHAT WOULD MAKE IT ‘ok’: the Wallingford marriage entry of 2 Nov 1706 and the Wallingford death entry of 23 Nov 1728; the 1883 book itself cites “births and baptisms copied from Cheshire chh. rec.” for this family. ⚠⚠ WATCH A REAL TRAP HERE: Thankful’s MOTHER was Mary Peck (1666–1710) — and Timothy’s THIRD wife was also a Mary Peck, widow of Stephen Rowe, m. 1729. Two different women of the same name in the same town. Do not let a compiled source merge them.
","s":"Thankful Doolittle was born 5 April 1688 in Wallingford, Connecticut, the daughter of Sergeant John Doolittle and Mary Peck. She married Timothy Tuttle at Wallingford on 2 November 1706 and bore children across the following two decades, including a son, Gershom, before her death on 23 November 1728 at the age of forty, leaving a youngest child of only five. Her brother, the Reverend Benjamin Doolittle, was the minister at Northfield, Massachusetts, and later gave shelter to her son Gershom when he moved north as a young man.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"1538":{"n":"William Allis","d":"b. 19 Oct 1680 Hatfield – d. 20 Feb 1763 Montague, Mass.","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ HE IS AN ANCESTOR OF ALEC TWICE OVER [TUTTLE-41]. History of the Town of Sunderland, image 355, gives his children including MARY, b. 18 Feb 1705, who married JOSEPH MITCHELL, and LOIS, b. 13 Jan 1708, who married GERSHOM TUTTLE. Lois is node 769. Mary is node 771. Their children married each other in 1757. So this man descends to Alec down TWO lines — through Lois and again through Mary — and the pedigree collapses on him. ⭐ That is also why his own generation matters twice as much as it looked. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ UPGRADED part → ok, 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-32]. Boltwood’s Hadley genealogies independently list him in Samuel Allis’s child list as “William, b. Oct. 19, 1680” — the same day and year the 1919 Allis genealogy gives, from a separate compilation. Add the four agreeing FamilySearch primary indexes naming “Wm. Allis and Elizabeth” as the parents of Lois at her Hatfield baptism of 13 Jan 1707/8 [TUTTLE-16], and the Montague town register naming him as “Mr. William Allis” alive there in May 1758 [TUTTLE-22], and both ends of this man are documented. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ DATED 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-18]: “24. WILLIAM ALLIS was born in Hatfield, Oct. 19, 1680, and married Elizabeth Davis of Northampton in 1703-4. He died in Montague, Feb. 20, 1763.” ⭐ The book’s list of his five children matches the FamilySearch primary indexes exactly (one day’s discrepancy on Zebediah), which is what earns it credit. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ And the MONTAGUE TOWN REGISTER now names him [TUTTLE-22]: the 1758 death entry for his wife styles him “MR. William Allis” — a title of standing in a New England register — and puts him alive at Montague in May 1758. ⚠⚠⚠ The same register records that his son ELIPHALET and wife Mary buried FOUR CHILDREN IN NINE DAYS in January 1759 — Mary (7th), Jonathan (10th), Samuel (12th), David (15th). His son ZEBADIAH is there too, with wife Mary and daughters. So the whole family moved Sunderland → Montague together, and that is now documented rather than inferred. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 6 Aug 2026 — GENERATION 11, the first this project has ever reached. Named as father on Lois Allis’s Hatfield baptism of 13 Jan 1707/8. His family, from the indexed births: Mary 1705 (Hatfield), Lois 1707/8 (Hatfield), Eliphalet 1710 (Hatfield), Zebediah 1713 (Sunderland), Elizabeth 1716 (Sunderland) — so he removed from Hatfield to Sunderland between December 1710 and October 1713 [TUTTLE-16].
Outstanding: ⛔ His own birth is NOT in the FamilySearch index — searched William Allis b.1665×1690 across every collection; every result was English. Generation 12 cannot be reached by index. Routes: Hampshire Co. (Northampton) PROBATE first — a will or distribution would name his father AND give Elizabeth’s maiden name; then Hatfield/Sunderland town records as IMAGES; then Hadley/Hatfield land. ⚠⚠ DO NOT attach him to the immigrant William Allis (d.1678) of Braintree/Hadley/Hatfield without a record. The generation gap is about right, which is exactly what makes it dangerous.
","s":"William Allis was born 19 October 1680 in Hatfield, Massachusetts, and married Elizabeth Davis of Northampton around 1703 or 1704. The family later moved from Hatfield to Sunderland and then to Montague, Massachusetts, where William died 20 February 1763. Two of his daughters, Lois and Mary, each married into the same family a generation apart — Lois to Gershom Tuttle I, and years later Mary's own daughter to Lois's son — so William Allis stands as an ancestor of this family twice over.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"1539":{"n":"Elizabeth Davis","d":"of Northampton; m. 1703-4 – d. 1 May 1758, Montague, Mass.","g":"part","x":"⭐⭐⭐ A SECOND WITNESS TO THE SURNAME, 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-39]: Miscellaneous Notes on New England Families calls Lois “the daughter of WILLIAM ALLIS, of Sunderland–Montague, and his wife ELIZABETH DAVIS.” ⭐ Note the compiler writes “Sunderland–Montague” as one place-pair — independently matching the family’s move that TUTTLE-22 documented from the Montague town register. ⚠⚠ HELD AT ‘Probable’ ON PURPOSE, AND HERE IS THE HONEST REASON: this manuscript may simply be repeating the 1919 Allis genealogy, which is our other source for the name Davis. Two sources that share an ancestor are one source. Until the dependency is tested — or a Northampton record names her — the surname stays single-sourced. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ HER DEATH IS NOW ON A PRIMARY RECORD [TUTTLE-22]. The Montague town register itself: “Allis. May first 1758, ELIZABETH ALLIS WIFE TO MR. WILLIAM ALLIS, died in Montague.” Date, place and the husband’s given name — confirming the 1919 book exactly, from a town record rather than a published genealogy. ⚠ Her maiden name DAVIS still rests on the book ALONE and is NOT upgraded — the register calls her only “Elizabeth Allis wife to Mr. William Allis.” ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ HER MAIDEN NAME FOUND, 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-18]: DAVIS, of NORTHAMPTON. “married Elizabeth Davis of Northampton in 1703-4 … Elizabeth, his wife, died May 1, 1758.” ⭐ This also explains a loose end: one of the four index entries for Lois’s birth gives the place as Northampton rather than Hatfield — it is the mother’s town. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 6 Aug 2026 — GENERATION 11. Named as the mother on all five of the Allis children’s records at Hatfield and Sunderland, 1705–1716, including Lois’s baptism [TUTTLE-16].
Outstanding: ⚠ Her MAIDEN NAME is unknown — the baptismal entries give only “Elizabeth.” A marriage search for William Allis × Elizabeth c.1685–1710 drowned in English “Ellis” matches. ⭐ The Hampshire Co. probate of her husband, or a Hatfield marriage record read from the image, is the way in. ⭐⭐ Her husband is now also documented by a LAND RECORD: a Sunderland deed from William Allis to Zebadiah Allis — father to son — sealed by William Allis [TUTTLE-17]. ⭐⭐⭐ NEXT: her husband’s own death entry, 20 Feb 1763 — the Montague register’s year list INCLUDES 1763, so it is on that film. Find it.
","s":"Elizabeth Davis was of Northampton, Massachusetts, and married William Allis around 1703 or 1704. She died 1 May 1758 in Montague, Massachusetts, where the town register recorded her as \"Elizabeth Allis wife to Mr. William Allis.\" Her maiden name of Davis is probably correct, resting as it does on more than one compiled family history, though it has not yet been confirmed by an original record from her own youth.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"1540":{"n":"Michael Mitchell","d":"of Wallingford, Conn. 1695-6 and 1706; then Deerfield","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-42] — and he answers Alec’s Mayflower question. Sheldon, Deerfield vol. 2, image 504, the head of the MITCHELL genealogy: “1, MITCHELL, Michael; was in WALLINGFORD, CT., 1695-6, and again in 1706; HIS WHOLE FAMILY ESCAPED UNHARMED 1704. He m. SARAH, dau. JOHN CATLIN; she d. Dec. 30, 1736.” ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ HE WAS A WALLINGFORD MAN — THE TUTTLES’ OWN TOWN. Dea. Timothy Tuttle was farming west of the river at Wallingford in exactly those years, and Gershom Tuttle I was born there in 1714. So the Mitchells and the Tuttles were Wallingford neighbours two generations before their grandchildren married at Deerfield in 1757. That marriage was not a chance meeting a hundred and ten miles from home — it was two Wallingford families who had both gone north, marrying each other. ⚠⚠⚠ AND THE 1704 LINE STOPS YOU COLD. “His whole family escaped unharmed 1704” means the Deerfield raid of 29 February 1704 — the same raid that killed ALICE, wife of Samuel Allis (node 3077), and her son Samuel, and carried her daughter Mary to Canada [TUTTLE-19/31/32]. Two of Alec’s ancestral families were in Deerfield that night. One lost a mother and a son. The other escaped unharmed. Fifty-three years later their descendants married.
Outstanding: ⛔⛔ THIS CLOSES THE MAYFLOWER DOOR [MAYFLOWER-01]. The one promising line ran through the Mitchell surname, on the hope that this family descended from EXPERIENCE MITCHELL of Plymouth (the Anne, 1623), who married Jane Cooke, daughter of Francis Cooke of the Mayflower. It does not. Michael Mitchell is a Wallingford, Connecticut and Deerfield man who married Sarah, daughter of JOHN CATLIN of Deerfield. No Bridgewater, no Plymouth, no Middleborough. The door is shut, and it is shut with a document rather than an absence. ⭐ WHAT IS STILL OPEN AND WORTH HAVING: Michael’s own origin — where a Mitchell in Wallingford in 1695 came from; and the CATLIN family (node 1541), who are a Deerfield family of the raid generation. ⚠ Sheldon’s numbering gives him sons William b. 1697, Michael b. 8 Mar 1700-1 (a soldier in Father Rasle’s war, later of Wethersfield, Conn.), JOSEPH b. 1705 — ours — and Samuel b. 7 Mar 1712, who is very probably the Samuel Mitchell granted Sunderland land in 1737.
10 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-82/-VERDICT]: the origin question worked to a seven-source convergent silence (Jacobus’s whole entry: “Michael of W; m Sarah -”; Savage silent; Thomas-the-miller EXCLUDED by his own 1660 probate — widow + daughter, no son; both colony-record series empty). Immigrant-vs-NE-born stays UNRESOLVED — so per house convention this node is the line’s effective stop; no parent slots opened. He held Wallingford PROPRIETOR status (1892 history: “Timothy Merriam, Michael Mitchell, William Hough…” casting lots). Break-it-open tests: his first Wallingford deed (FS full-text); his probate; Jordan-Solari 1988 (library loan).
","s":"Michael Mitchell was living in Wallingford, Connecticut, in 1695-6 and again in 1706, and later moved to Deerfield, Massachusetts. He married Sarah Catlin, daughter of John Catlin, and his family \"escaped unharmed\" the devastating raid on Deerfield of 29 February 1704 — a night that brought death and captivity to many of his wife's own relatives. His son Joseph became a weaver and was the father of Tabitha Mitchell, who married into the Tuttle family in 1757.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"1541":{"n":"Sarah Catlin","d":"m. Michael Mitchell about 1694 – d. 30 Dec 1736; survived the 1704 raid","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐ HER MARRIAGE IS DATED, AND IT IS WHY SHE LIVED [TUTTLE-44]. Sheldon’s CATLIN child list, image 369: “Sarah, —; m. abt. 1694, Michael [Mitchell].” She married ten years before the raid and was in her own household on the night her father’s was burned with him inside it. Her father and one brother died in the fire, another brother was killed in the Meadow Fight, and a brother and three sisters were carried to Canada. Sarah is the reason this line reaches Alec at all. ——— Earlier note: ⚠⚠⚠ HER FAMILY WAS DESTROYED IN THE RAID HER HUSBAND’S FAMILY SURVIVED — 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-43]. Sheldon, image 319: “Mary, bap. June 23, 1644; m. Sept. 23, 1662, JOHN CATLIN, with whom she rem. fr. NEWARK to Dfd. abt. 1683; THEIR LARGE FAMILY WERE NEARLY ALL DESTROYED FEB. 29, 1704.” Two of her sisters are named and their deaths are recorded: “Elizabeth, dau. John Catlin; she was cap. 1704 and k. on the march to Canada” (wife of James Corse, image 397) and “Mary, dau. John Catlin; she was cap. and k. on the march to Can., Mar. 9, 1704” (wife of Thomas Wells, image 431, whose own household on lot No. 30 was “all k. or cap. 1704”). ⚠⚠ AND SET THAT BESIDE HER HUSBAND’S ENTRY. Michael Mitchell’s reads “his whole family escaped unharmed 1704” [node 1540]. Sarah Catlin was married to him by then — her eldest was born 1697. So on the same night her own household came through untouched and her father’s was nearly wiped out. ⭐ She died 30 December 1736 — two months before her granddaughter Tabitha was born. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-42]. Sheldon, image 504: “He m. SARAH, dau. JOHN CATLIN; she d. Dec. 30, 1736.” A Deerfield family, and a Deerfield family of the raid generation. ⭐ She was living through the 29 February 1704 attack in which, Sheldon says, “his whole family escaped unharmed” — a sentence that only gets written because so many families around them did not.
Outstanding: ⭐ THE CATLINS ARE THE NEXT GENERATION UP AND THEY ARE WELL DOCUMENTED — Sheldon has a CATLIN genealogy and the 1704 captive and casualty lists are exhaustively studied. ⚠ DO NOT ASSUME John Catlin’s own fate from the raid’s reputation — read his entry. ⚠ Her death of 30 Dec 1736 falls two months before her granddaughter Tabitha was born.
","s":"Sarah Catlin was the daughter of John Catlin of Deerfield, Massachusetts, and married Michael Mitchell around 1694. She died 30 December 1736, just two months before the birth of her granddaughter Tabitha. Having married ten years before the devastating Deerfield raid of 29 February 1704, she was living in her own household, which came through unharmed that night, even as her birth family was shattered — her father and a brother killed, another brother killed in the fighting that followed, and a brother and several sisters carried captive toward Canada, two of the sisters dying along the way.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"3072":{"n":"Simon Tuttle","d":"bap. New Haven 28 Mar 1647 – d. 16 April 1719, Wallingford, Conn.; cooper","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ UPGRADED part → ok THE SAME NIGHT, ON DEEDS [TUTTLE-32]. The 1883 book does not merely assert his parentage — it abstracts three separate conveyances in which Simon calls William Tuttle his father: 1677-8, to Benjamin Brockett, cordwainer, “a part of land my father, Mr. William Tuttle, bought of John Punderson”; 1686, to Isaac Turner, six acres “formerly belonging to my father, Mr. William Tuttle”; 1705, to cousin Joshua, “all my right in Branford division set to my father, Mr. William Tuttle”. Three deeds, three decades apart, in the grantor’s own words. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ AND A DEED TO HIS SON: “July 10, 1711, he gives to son, TIMOTHY, the land, 9½ acres, ‘I bought of Roger Tyler.’” (and 23 June 1715 a 14-acre house lot to son Daniel). The father-to-son conveyance is the classic proof of descent, and it links node 3072 to node 1536 by a record rather than by a numbering scheme. ⭐ A life, from the same pages: “Simon Tuttle of Wallingford, COOPER” (1685); on the New Haven proprietors’ list of 1680, drawing his share in the third division as “two heads, showing that at that date he had a wife but no children”; a 1673 right-of-way agreement signed by six Tuttle brothers, of which the original paper survived to 1883 and his signature was traced from it; Wallingford lots drawn 1686 (No. 52, 104 acres) and 1690 (No. 14); rated £79 on the 1701 Wallingford grand list; town gauger and packer from 1708-9. He died 16 April 1719; his widow ABIGAIL died 11 August 1722. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ AND HE SETTLES THE 1682 QUESTION INDEPENDENTLY. The deeds show him of New Haven through 1683 and “of Wallingford” from 1685 — “from these records it follows that he removed to Wall’d about 1685”. His son Timothy moved with the family “when about 3 years of age” — so Timothy was born c.1682, and the book’s own printed “1652” is refuted for the fifth time, now by land records. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 6 Aug 2026 — GENERATION 13 ON THE TUTTLE SIDE [TUTTLE-30]. Entry 9 of the 1883 genealogy, image 560, in full: “9. Simon Tuttle, bap. in New Haven, March 28, 1647. He appears in the list of proprietors of Wallingford in 1670, and had lot No. 13 with 8 acres of out land assigned to him. Dr. Savage (Gen. Dict.) says he did not stay long. He did not, in fact, take up his allotment and probably continued in New Haven until after the death of his mother, Dec., 1684.” ⭐⭐ THE BARE ENTRY NUMBER 9 IS THE WHOLE POINT: he is the NINTH CHILD OF WILLIAM TUTTLE, and that is why the ladder 92514 → 9251 → 925 → 92 → 9 lands on the immigrant. ⭐ He also dates the family’s move. Wallingford is laid out in 1670 and Simon takes a proprietor’s lot — but stays in New Haven until after his mother dies in December 1684. His son Timothy moved with the family “when about 3 years of age”: the two statements agree on c.1685 and together they refute the book’s own printed 1652 birth for Timothy.
Outstanding: ⚠ WHAT IS STILL OPEN: the deeds above are abstracted by the 1883 compiler, not yet read by us — they are New Haven and Wallingford land records and can be pulled. ⚠ His wife ABIGAIL has no surname (node 3073) and no marriage record; the book infers the marriage from the 1680 “two heads” entry. ⭐ ALSO WORTH HAVING: the New Haven vital records for the baptism of 28 March 1647 and for his mother’s death in December 1684; the Wallingford proprietors’ list of 1670 as an image (lot No. 13); and New Haven probate, which would name his wife and his children and so nail Timothy to him directly. ⚠ His wife is not yet recorded here — do not fill her in from a tree.
","s":"Simon Tuttle was baptized in New Haven on 28 March 1647, the ninth child of the immigrant William Tuttle. He trained as a cooper and lived first in New Haven, moving to Wallingford, Connecticut, about 1685, after his mother's death. Three deeds he signed over the years — in 1677-8, 1686, and 1705 — each describe land as having belonged to \"my father, Mr. William Tuttle,\" directly recording the family connection in his own words. He prospered as a Wallingford landholder and town official, serving as gauger and packer from 1708, and in his later years gave land outright to his own sons Timothy and Daniel. Simon Tuttle died 16 April 1719; his widow, Abigail, died three years later, on 11 August 1722.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"3073":{"n":"Abigail Tuttle","d":"wife of Simon Tuttle; m. about 1679–80 – d. 11 Aug 1722; her surname is disputed","g":"part","x":"⚠⚠⚠ DOWNGRADED IN SUBSTANCE, 7 AUGUST 2026: “BEACH” IS DISPUTED BY THE TWO BEST AUTHORITIES, AND THE NODE IS RENAMED ACCORDINGLY.
Jacobus, Families of Ancient New Haven (Tuttle section), gives Simon’s wife as “Abigail ——” with the surname deliberately left blank. And the 1883 Tuttle genealogy’s own footnote, p. 561, records the doubt at the source: “I was early informed, on what seemed good authority, that the above Abigail was the dau. of that name of Richard Beach… Joseph P. Beach, Esq., thinks that she could not have been a Beach. Richard’s dau. Abigail is not mentioned in settlement of her father’s estate. The point remains in uncertainty.”
⛔ Do not open a Beach line above this node. Her identity as Simon’s wife and Timothy’s mother is not in doubt; her surname is, and the only father ever proposed was ruled out by a Beach family authority in 1883 and by Jacobus fifty years later.
Outstanding: Simon Tuttle’s 1719 New Haven probate — the estate papers naming the widow are the only realistic route to her own family.
⭐⭐⭐⭐ A SURNAME, 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-34] — but a compiled one, so the node stays ‘part’. Find a Grave memorial 139363422 states “Timothy was the son of Simon and ABIGAIL BEACH Tuttle.” ⭐ BEACH is exactly the right surname for the place — the 1883 genealogy has Timothy Beach as the Tuttles’ neighbour in the 1715 Wallingford school-district line (“as high as Timothy Tuttle’s and Timothy Beach’s”), Thos. Beach witnessing a Tuttle bond, and Joseph P. Beach, Esq., of Cheshire as its local authority on this family. The name fits the neighbourhood, which is what a real surname does and an invented one usually does not. ⚠ Still: no record has been read, and the 1883 book — which had her death to the day — gives no surname at all. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 6 Aug 2026 — one of the wives Alec was right to ask about [TUTTLE-32]. The 1883 genealogy closes Simon Tuttle’s entry: “He d. April 16, 1719. His wid., Abigail, d. Aug. 11, 1722.” ⭐ And it dates the marriage without a marriage record: “He is on the list of proprietors of New Haven in 1680, and received his share in the 3d division, ‘two heads,’ showing that at that date he had a wife but no children. He was probably m. in 1679 or 1680.” That is a real inference from a real document — a division list counting heads in a household — and it is worth more than most stated dates. ⚠ She is therefore the mother of Dea. Timothy Tuttle (node 1536), born c.1682.
Outstanding: ⛔ NO SURNAME. The book gives none, and there is no marriage entry. ⭐ ROUTES: New Haven marriages 1679–80; Wallingford probate 1719–1722 — Simon died in 1719 and Abigail survived him three years, so a widow’s thirds or her own estate should exist and would name her kin; and any Wallingford deed carrying her release of dower. ⚠ Do not fill her surname in from a tree.
","s":"Abigail was the wife of Simon Tuttle, probably married to him in 1679 or 1680 — the date inferred from a New Haven land record that credited him with \"two heads,\" meaning a wife but as yet no children. She was the mother of Deacon Timothy Tuttle, born about 1682, and she outlived her husband by three years, dying 11 August 1722. Her surname is disputed: an old family tradition held that she was a Beach, but the best genealogical authorities considered and rejected that identification, and no record has ever named her family outright.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"3074":{"n":"John Doolittle","d":"b. 14 June 1655 New Haven – d. after 1717, Wallingford, Conn.","g":"part","x":"⭐⭐⭐ UPGRADED AND SOURCED, 7 August 2026. His daughter Thankful’s parentage now rests on two independent published authorities: Jacobus, Families of Ancient New Haven (Tuttle section: “Thankful da. John & Mary (Peck) Doolittle”, with the marriage date 2 Nov 1706 matching the Wallingford town register, and the Doolittle section giving her death 23 Nov 1728 to the day) and Tuttle 1883, p. 575n. His own father is Abraham Doolittle, the migrant (Jacobus p. 42; Davis’s Wallingford p. 835; Savage 2:70).
⚠⚠ TWO CAUTIONS, BOTH LOGGED BEFORE THEY COST A CORRECTION. First, the rank “Sgt.” is not his in any source read — Jacobus attaches it to his father Abraham. Second, the death year 1746 is at risk of conflation: Davis p. 839 has a younger John Doolittle, son of this John and Mary, dying at Wallingford in 1746-7. The chart’s “1655–1746” may have absorbed the son’s death.
Outstanding: the Wallingford register — Thankful’s birth entry of 5 Apr 1688 naming her parents, and the Doolittle × Peck marriage of 13 Feb 1682/3, ideally on the same film. That one pull converts this node and the next to Documented.
⭐⭐⭐ UPGRADED hyp → part [TUTTLE-38]. His son REV. BENJAMIN DOOLITTLE (1695–1748) was the settled minister at NORTHFIELD, Massachusetts — independently attested, and named as Gershom Tuttle’s UNCLE in Miscellaneous Notes on New England Families. That ties this Doolittle household to our line by a stated relationship rather than by a name match, and it explains how a Wallingford family came to have a foothold a hundred miles north. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-34]. Named as the father of Thankful Doolittle (node 1537) on Find a Grave memorial 139363422: “Thankful was the daughter of John and Mary Peck Doolittle.” A long life — 1655 to 1746, ninety-one years — and a sergeant’s title. ⭐ His children include Rev. Benjamin Doolittle (1695–1748) and a daughter Esther Doolittle (1683–1756) who ALSO married a Tuttle — two Doolittle sisters marrying into the same family, which is what happens in a town this size and is a good sign the identification is real.
Outstanding: ⚠⚠ ‘hyp’ — one compiled source, no record read. ⭐ ROUTES: Wallingford town births c.1688 for Thankful; New Haven district probate for John Doolittle, d. 1746, which would name his daughters and their husbands and tie node 1537 to him from a record.
Corrected 7 Aug 2026 (self-correction #17): the former “1746” death was a son’s (a John Doolittle who d. Wallingford 1746-7 ae. 35, so b. c.1711); our John is last seen alive at his 2nd marriage, 29 Jan 1717. “Sgt.” belonged to Abraham, not John.
","s":"John Doolittle was born in New Haven on 14 June 1655, the son of Abraham Doolittle, an early settler and founder of Wallingford, Connecticut. He married Mary Peck, and together they raised a family that included Thankful Doolittle, who married into the Tuttle family in 1706; a daughter Esther, who also married a Tuttle; and a son, the Reverend Benjamin Doolittle, who became the settled minister at Northfield, Massachusetts. John Doolittle is last documented alive at a second marriage on 29 January 1717; the exact year of his death is not established, since an earlier record of \"1746\" turned out to belong to a son of the same name.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"3075":{"n":"Mary Peck","d":"1666–1710; wife of Sgt. John Doolittle","g":"part","x":"⭐⭐⭐ UPGRADED FROM HYPOTHESIS TO PROBABLE, 7 August 2026. Jacobus gives her as “Mary da. John & Mary (Moss) Peck, b 4 Mar 1665/6 NHV, d 1 Sep 1710 WV”, and Tuttle 1883 p. 575n says the same independently: “Mary Peck was dau. of John and Mary (Moss) Peck.”
⚠⚠ THE TRAP, NOW SOURCE-DOCUMENTED. Thankful’s mother was this Mary Peck (1666–1710). Dea. Timothy Tuttle’s second wife, married 1729 (his third, 1749, was Sarah Atwater), was also a Mary Peck — the widow of Stephen Rowe, and “Mary da. Joseph & Sarah (Ailing) Peck, wid. Stephen Rowe” (Jacobus p. 354; his p. 181 gives her own family entry — the earlier ‘Lydia (Ball)’ reading was a transcription error: Jacobus’s only ‘Lydia (Ball)’ is in the unrelated Smith family, p. 120 [TUTTLE-58]), a different Peck family entirely. Two women, same name, same town. Any source that has Timothy marrying his own mother-in-law has merged them — treat that as a red flag on the source.
⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-34]. Named as the mother of Thankful Doolittle on Find a Grave memorial 139363422.
Outstanding: ‘part’ — compiled sources only (Jacobus + Davis + Tuttle 1883); the Wallingford VR images (marriage 13 Feb 1682/3, Thankful’s birth 5 Apr 1688) would move this to ‘ok’ — browser ★5. ⚠⚠ AND A NAME-COLLISION TRAP: her son-in-law Timothy Tuttle later married, in 1729, a DIFFERENT Mary Peck — the widow of Stephen Rowe. This Mary Peck died in 1710 and cannot be that one. Any source showing Timothy marrying his own mother-in-law has merged them; treat that as a red flag on the source.
","s":"Mary Peck was born in New Haven on 4 March 1665/6, the daughter of John and Mary (Moss) Peck, and she married John Doolittle of Wallingford. She died there on 1 September 1710. She was the mother of Thankful Doolittle, who carried the family forward into the Tuttle line — though care is needed here, since a different woman also named Mary Peck, the daughter of Joseph and Sarah (Alling) Peck, separately married the widower Timothy Tuttle in 1729; the two Mary Pecks belonged to entirely different Wallingford families.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"3076":{"n":"Samuel Allis","d":"24 Feb 1647 Braintree – 9 Mar 1691 Hatfield; carpenter and builder","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ BOLTWOOD’S FULL ENTRY, READ 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-32] (Genealogies of Hadley Families, printed with Judd’s Hadley, image 586): “3. Samuel, s. of William, (1) d. Mch. 9, 1691. m. ALICE, who m. (2) Sergt. John Hawks, and was slain in Deer. Feb. 29, 1704. Children — Mehitable, b. July 2, 1677, m. Dec. 13, 1698, Benoni Moore; Samuel, b. Feb. 20, 1679, slain Feb. 29, 1704; WILLIAM, b. Oct. 19, 1680; Mary, b. July 6, 1682, m. Nathaniel Brooks; Thomas, b. Mch. 12, 1684, rem. to Guilford; Sarah, b. abt. 1685; Rebecca, b. Nov. 29, 1687.” SEVEN CHILDREN, DATED — and it agrees with the 1919 Allis genealogy on every date the two books share, including our William’s 19 October 1680. ⭐⭐⭐ AND IT CONFIRMS LAST NIGHT’S SHELDON FIND FROM A SECOND DIRECTION: Mary Allis, b. 6 July 1682, is the one who married Nathaniel Brooks — Sheldon says she was “a fellow cap. of 1704”, so she was twenty-one when she was marched to Canada in the raid that killed her mother and her brother, and she came home. ⭐ It also settles the Mehitable conflict logged last turn: Boltwood gives b. 2 July 1677 independently, so the “a. 90” on her 1757 death is the gravestone’s error, not the books’. ⭐ UPGRADED part → ok: two independent authorities — the 1919 Allis genealogy and Boltwood, working a century apart from the Hampshire County records — agree on his death date, his wife, his father and his children’s dates, and a primary Hatfield town record [TUTTLE-27] grants him his house lot in 1669–71. ——— Earlier note: ⭐ UPGRADED hyp → part [TUTTLE-19]: Boltwood independently confirms “Samuel, s. of William, (1) d. Mch. 9, 1691” and the children Mehitable (2 Jul 1677), Samuel (20 Feb 1679) and William (19 Oct 1680). Two independent published authorities now agree on this generation. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 6 Aug 2026 — GENERATION 12. “3. SAMUEL ALLIS was born in Braintree, Mass., on February 24, 1647 … carpenter and builder of Hatfield and resided on the east side of Hatfield street … died in Hatfield on March 9, 1691.” Seven children; ours is the third, William, b. 19 Oct 1680 [TUTTLE-18].
Outstanding: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ A PRIMARY RECORD AT LAST [TUTTLE-27]: the Hatfield town book records that “the Town of Hatfield hath granted to SAMUEL ALLIS a house lot” and acreage, 1669–1671. Born Braintree Feb 1647, he was about twenty-two — the age a young man took a home lot and set up. ⭐ It fits the family’s movement from a wholly separate source: Boltwood has his father Lt. William Allis “rem. abt. 1661 to Hatfield” — father arrives c.1661, son takes his own lot c.1669. ⚠⚠ A town grant names a grantee, not a father — so this does NOT prove his parentage and the node stays ‘part’. But the man himself is now documented from a record rather than only from books. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ TWO MORE OF HIS CHILDREN, 6 Aug 2026, FROM SHELDON’S DEERFIELD GENEALOGIES [TUTTLE-31] — and both come from OTHER families’ entries, which is the strongest kind of citation because the compiler had no interest in the Allis line at all. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ MARY ALLIS — A CAPTIVE OF 1704 WHO CAME HOME. Sheldon image 354, in the entry for Nathaniel, s. of William (1), b. 1664 — “house burned and whole family cap. 1704; he alone came back; was recovered by Ens. John Sheldon on his second expedition to Can.”, whose first wife was killed on the march after a fall on the ice — “He m. (2) Feb. 3, 1710, Mary, dau. Samuel Allis of Hat., A FELLOW CAP. OF 1704.” A daughter of this house was carried to Canada in the same raid that killed her mother Alice and her brother Samuel — and she survived it, came back, and married another survivor of it six years later. ⭐⭐⭐ MEHITABLE ALLIS. Sheldon image 506: “MOORE, Benoni … d. Nov. 18, 1753. He m. Dec. 13, 1698, Mehitable, dau. Sam’l Allis of Hat.; she d. May 8, 1757, a. 90.” ⚠⚠ CONFLICT LOGGED: “a. 90” implies b. c.1667, ten years before the 1919 book’s 2 July 1677 and earlier than her parents’ own marriage allows. Gravestone ages are the least reliable figure in New England genealogy; 1677 is preferred and the discrepancy is recorded, not smoothed away. ⚠ Sheldon and Judd also show a Samuel Allis at Hatfield in the May 1667 petition dispute — probably NOT ours, who was born at Braintree in 1647 and took his lot only in 1669–71. Flagged, not attached. ⭐⭐⭐ NEXT: the SAME VOLUME is “Town Records 1660–1740, VITAL RECORDS 1660–1740” — so his 1675-6 marriage should be in it, and that is the likeliest place in existence to find ALICE’S MAIDEN NAME.
","s":"Samuel Allis was born in Braintree, Massachusetts, on 24 February 1647, the son of Lieutenant William Allis. He worked as a carpenter and builder in Hatfield, where the town granted him a house lot as a young man of about twenty-two, and he lived on the east side of Hatfield street. He married Alice about 1675-6, and together they had seven children, among them William, born 19 October 1680, from whom this family line descends. Samuel Allis died in Hatfield on 9 March 1691, leaving his widow to raise their children alone; two of those children were later caught up in the 1704 raid on Deerfield that killed their mother — one son killed alongside her, and a daughter carried captive to Canada who survived and came home.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"3077":{"n":"Alice","d":"m. Samuel Allis 1675–6; m.(2) Sergt. John Hawks 1696; killed at Deerfield, 29 Feb 1704","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ A SIXTH SOURCE, AND THE RICHEST — 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-46]. Sheldon, History of Deerfield VOLUME ONE, image 61, in the entry for her second husband: “HAWKS, John, son of John of Hadley… He was active through Philip’s war; was in the FALLS FIGHT; and one of the brave men from Hadley who went to the succor of HATFIELD, when attacked by Indians May 30, 1676, when he was WOUNDED. He married in 1667, MARTHA BALDWIN, with whom he lived ten years. He became a permanent settler in 1683, and married in 1696, ALICE, WIDOW OF SAMUEL ALLIS. SHE WAS KILLED FEB. 29, 1704, WHEN ALL HIS CHILDREN AND GRANDCHILDREN OF THE NAME WERE LOST. In his old age he removed to Waterbury, Conn., to live with his only surviving child, who had married Jonathan Scott of that town.” ⚠⚠ “All his children and grandchildren of the name were lost” — the HAWKS name was wiped out in that raid, and his wife with it. He was a Falls Fight veteran who had been wounded relieving Hatfield in 1676; twenty-eight years later he lost his whole family in a morning, and ended his life in Connecticut with the one daughter who was left. ⭐⭐⭐ AND A LEAD WORTH CHASING: his FIRST wife was MARTHA BALDWIN, m. 1667. MARY BALDWIN — node 3083, Alec’s own ancestor — married John Catlin in 1662. Two Baldwin women marrying into Deerfield within five years: almost certainly sisters, and almost certainly daughters of Joseph Baldwin of Milford. ⚠ Recorded as a lead, not a link. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ RE-GRADED ‘part’ → ‘ok’, 6 Aug 2026, AT ALEC’S CHALLENGE [AUDIT-01]. The colour grades WHO THIS PERSON IS AND WHOSE CHILD THEY ARE — not whether every fact about them is known. Loose ends belong in Outstanding, below, and this node has some. They do not make the ancestor uncertain. ⛔⛔ HER SURNAME IS A DOCUMENTED BLANK IN EVERY STANDARD AUTHORITY — FIVE OF THEM NOW [TUTTLE-31/32]. ⭐ But her CHILDREN are no longer a blank. Boltwood gives all seven with dates: Mehitable 2 Jul 1677; Samuel 20 Feb 1679 (slain with her, 29 Feb 1704); WILLIAM 19 Oct 1680; Mary 6 Jul 1682 (carried to Canada in the same raid, and survived); Thomas 12 Mar 1684; Sarah c.1685; Rebecca 29 Nov 1687. She was widowed in 1691 with seven children under fifteen, remarried in 1696, and was killed in 1704. Allis genealogy 1919: a literal blank where the surname goes. Boltwood, in Judd’s Hadley, image 647: “(2) Nov. 20, 1696, Alice, wid. of Samuel Allis of Hat. She was slain by French and Indians, Feb. 29, [1704]”. Sheldon, Deerfield vol. 2, image 453: “(2) Nov. 20, 1696, Alice, wid. of Samuel Allis; she was k. 1704.” Three independent compilers, each with the Hampshire County records in front of them, each declining to name her. ⭐ What they DO agree on is not small: widow of Samuel Allis; remarried Sergt. John Hawks 20 Nov 1696; killed 29 Feb 1704 — TUTTLE-19 now confirmed twice from sources the 1919 book never used. ⛔⛔ AND THIS BURIES THE “ALICE MEEKINS” LEAD [TUTTLE-21]. A gravestone index that supplies a surname three record-reading compilers could not find is supplying something, not reporting it. Not entered. ⭐ If her name is recoverable it will come from a RECORD, not a book: the Hampshire Co. probate of Samuel Allis (d. 9 Mar 1691), the Hatfield marriage of 1675-6, or a Hatfield deed carrying her release of dower. ——— ⚠⚠⚠ UPGRADED hyp → part, and her death FOUND [TUTTLE-19]. Boltwood: “m. ALICE, who m. (2) Sergt. JOHN HAWKS, and was SLAIN IN DEER[FIELD] FEB. 29, 1704.” The Deerfield raid research project, independently: “John Hawks’s wife ALICE, was killed, as was her son SAMUEL ALLIS (b.1679). Their seven-year-old daughter ELIZABETH, was captured and killed on the march to Canada.” Widowed at Hatfield in 1691 with seven children; remarried Nov 1696; killed in the raid on Deerfield, 29 February 1704, together with her 25-year-old son. Alec’s line runs through her third child, WILLIAM, b. 19 Oct 1680 — who was not in Deerfield that night. ⭐ Her second husband John Hawks survived; of his household only a daughter living in Connecticut did.
Outstanding: ⛔⛔⛔ SHE HAS NO MAIDEN NAME IN ANY OF THREE SOURCES [TUTTLE-20]. Boltwood: none. The 1919 Allis genealogy: “he married in 1675-6, Alice , ” — the printed text has a literal BLANK where the surname belongs, so the compiler knew one was missing. The Deerfield project: calls her “Alice Allis,” her FIRST MARRIED name. Three attempts, stopped. ⭐ Her death, though, is now attested by all three — the 1919 book adds “killed at Deerfield on February 29, 1703-4, during the attack by the French and Indians” (⚠ Old Style: 1703-4 and 1704 are one night). What would still answer the surname: Samuel Allis’s Hampshire Co. probate (d. 1691), a Hatfield marriage record for 1675-6, or SHELDON’S HISTORY OF DEERFIELD VOL. 2 GENEALOGIES (the copy reachable tonight stopped at p.702, before the genealogies begin). She joins Martha Nease and Cynthia Ward as a direct ancestor known by a first name only. ⚠ ONE UNVERIFIED LEAD [TUTTLE-21]: a Find a Grave memorial is titled “Alice MEEKINS Hawks (1655–1704)” — the dates fit and Meekins is a real Hatfield surname, but it is user-submitted and uncited, and three careful compilers could not name her. NOT entered as her surname; entered as a lead to test. ⚠⚠ Note also that Sheldon’s Deerfield genealogies — the likeliest place for it — could not be reached: three scans all truncated before Part II. That is a TOOL limit, not a records negative.
10 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-80/-VERDICT]: the compiled tradition itself marks her surname unknown (“Alice ---”). m. 2nd, 20 Nov 1696, John Hawks of Hadley/Deerfield; killed in the Deerfield massacre, 29 Feb 1703/4 (Baldwin Gen. p. 493 + Sheldon, one Savage-rooted tradition — part-level). ⚠ The FaG “Alice Meekins” attribution is diagnosed a probable conflation with Mary Meakins, wife of JOHN Allis — do not adopt. Primary tests: the Hatfield town book (m. ~1675/6), the 1691 Hampshire administration, and the 20 Nov 1696 remarriage entry.
","s":"Alice married Samuel Allis of Hatfield about 1675-6 and bore him seven children before his death in 1691 left her a widow. She remarried on 20 November 1696 to Sergeant John Hawks, a veteran of the Falls Fight who had been wounded defending Hatfield in 1676. On 29 February 1704 Alice was killed in the French and Indian raid on Deerfield, along with her twenty-five-year-old son Samuel; her daughter Mary was carried captive to Canada in the same attack but survived and eventually came home. Alice's own family name was never recorded by any of the several genealogists who studied her — she is remembered, in every source, only by her first name.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"3082":{"n":"Mr. John Catlin","d":"b. about 1643 – killed defending his house at Deerfield, 29 Feb 1704","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ THE HOME LOT, THE MANNER OF HIS DEATH, AND THE CAPTURED SON — ALL NAMED [TUTTLE-47]. Sheldon VOLUME ONE, image 636, in the survey of Deerfield home lots (lot 32, Samson Frary’s part, four acres): “…sold in 1685 to JOHN CATLIN. HERE HE AND HIS SON JONATHAN WERE KILLED WHILE DEFENDING HIS HOUSE IN 1704, BUT IT WAS TAKEN AND BURNED. HIS SON JOHN WAS CAPTURED. HE CAME BACK AND BUILT A HOUSE HERE ABOUT 1715. HE WAS A HOUSEWRIGHT AND WAS ALWAYS SPOKEN OF BY TRADITION AS ‘MASTER CATLIN.’” ⚠ A CORRECTION OF NUANCE TO TUTTLE-44: vol. 2 said he and Jonathan were “consumed” with the burning buildings. Vol. 1 says they were KILLED WHILE DEFENDING THE HOUSE, and the house was then taken and burned. He died fighting, not trapped. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ AND THE CAPTURED SON, unnamed when vol. 2’s sentence broke at the page, IS JOHN CATLIN JUNIOR — carried to Canada at 1704, came home, and by about 1715 had rebuilt on his father’s ashes. A housewright: the son of a burned-out house became a builder of houses. ⭐ He also bought lot 33 in 1685 (from John Parsons) and lot 36 was his in 1704 — three home lots on Deerfield street. ⚠ The 1704 casualty table (image 324) lists “John Catlin, (?) 60” — an age of about sixty, matching a birth c.1643. ⚠⚠ The same table’s adjacent columns are badly mangled by OCR (names, ages and the phrase “burnt in the cellar” run together across two columns) — NOTHING from that table is attributed to this family beyond his own line until the page image is read. ——— Earlier note: ⚠⚠⚠ HIS FATE IS ESTABLISHED, AND IT IS AS BAD AS THE RECORD GETS — 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-44]. Sheldon, image 368, entry 2 of the CATLIN genealogy, in full: “2. John, s. of John (1), b. abt. 1643; of Weth., 1662; of BRANFORD, 1665, whence he rem. to NEWARK, where he was a TEACHER 1676; in 1678 he was ‘Town’s Attorney (not lawyer), an “honest brother,” to take care that all town orders be executed, and if a breach occurs to punish the offender’; SELECTMAN 1676-81; was of Hart. 1683, of Dfd. soon after, as one of the early permanent settlers, where he was DIGNIFIED BY THE TITLE OF “MR.” and took a prominent part in affairs; NO FAMILY SUFFERED MORE THAN HIS AT THE DESOLATION OF THE TOWN 1704; HIS BUILDINGS WERE ALL BURNED, AND HIMSELF AND S. JONATHAN CONSUMED WITH THEM; ONE S. WAS K. IN THE MEADOW FIGHT; ANOTHER AND THREE DAUS. WERE [captured]…” ⚠⚠ He and his son Jonathan burned to death in their own house. A second son was killed in the Meadow Fight later that morning. A third son and three daughters were carried off. Two of those daughters — ELIZABETH (m. James Corse) and MARY (m. Thomas Wells) — died on the march to Canada, Mary on 9 March. ⭐⭐⭐ AND HE WAS NOT A FARMER. A SCHOOLMASTER at Newark in 1676, the town’s attorney and an “honest brother”, selectman five years, and at Deerfield a man given the title “Mr.” — which in a New England town record is a rank, not a courtesy. ⭐ His route is one of the widest on this chart: Wethersfield 1662 → Branford 1665 → NEWARK, NEW JERSEY 1676-81 → Hartford 1683 → Deerfield. ⚠ His daughter SARAH escaped only because she had already married Michael Mitchell about 1694 and was in her own household — which is why his line survives to reach Alec at all. ⭐ UPGRADED Probable → Documented: the child list in his own entry (image 369) carries “Sarah, —; m. abt. 1694, Michael”, so the link to node 1541 is inside the Catlin genealogy and not borrowed from another family. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-43]. Sheldon, image 319: “m. Sept. 23, 1662, JOHN CATLIN, with whom she rem. fr. NEWARK to Dfd. abt. 1683; their large family were nearly all destroyed Feb. 29, 1704.” ⭐ A REAL MIGRATION, AND AN UNUSUAL ONE: the Catlins run Wethersfield, Conn. → Branford → NEWARK, NEW JERSEY → DEERFIELD c.1683 — the first New Jersey connection anywhere on this chart, and it comes in from the New Haven Colony party that founded Newark in 1666. ⭐ His father is entry 1 of Sheldon’s CATLIN genealogy (image 368): “CATLIN, CATLING, CATTELL, John, OF WETHERSFIELD; estate appraised July 17, 1644, amt. £69. He m. ISABELLA, prob. sister of Lawrence Ward of New Haven, Branford, Ct., and Newark, N.J., where he d. 1670…” ⚠ Two Johns in succession — do not merge them. The 1644 estate belongs to the elder.
Outstanding: ⚠⚠⚠ HIS OWN FATE ON 29 FEBRUARY 1704 IS NOT ESTABLISHED HERE AND MUST NOT BE ASSUMED FROM THE RAID’S REPUTATION. Sheldon says the family was “nearly all destroyed” and names two daughters killed on the march — he does not, in these passages, say what became of the father. ⭐ READ SHELDON’S CATLIN GENEALOGY ENTRY FOR HIM DIRECTLY, and the 1704 casualty and captive lists, which are exhaustively studied. ⚠ Note a “John Catlin” appears in Deerfield office-holder lists for 1689–1704 and a later Capt. John Catlin 1721–58 — at least three men of the name; sort them before writing anything. ⭐ Graded Probable only because the link Sarah → this John rests on Sheldon’s single statement “Sarah, dau. John Catlin” and there were several.
","s":"John Catlin was born about 1643, the son of a Catlin family of Wethersfield. He lived successively in Wethersfield, Branford, and Newark, New Jersey — where he served as a schoolteacher in 1676, as the town's attorney, and as a selectman for five years — before moving to Hartford and then, about 1683, to Deerfield, Massachusetts, where he was given the honorific title \"Mr.\" and took a leading part in town affairs. On 29 February 1704, during the French and Indian raid on Deerfield, John Catlin and his son Jonathan were killed defending their house, which was then burned; another son was killed in the fighting that followed in the meadow, and a third son, also John, was carried captive to Canada, later returning to rebuild on the same ground and becoming known locally as \"Master Catlin.\" Two of his daughters, Elizabeth and Mary, died on the forced march to Canada after the raid; a third daughter, Sarah, had already married and left the household, which is why this line of the family survived at all.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"3083":{"n":"Mary Baldwin","d":"bap. 23 June 1644; m. 23 Sept 1662 – survived the raid of 29 Feb 1704","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ SHELDON’S OWN VERDICT ON HER, AND A CORRECTION THAT A FLAG CAUGHT — 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-49]. Printed page 312, read at the page image: “…the house, being the largest in the town, was reserved as a depot for captives. Here, then, was the place where MRS. CATLIN RELIEVED THE WOUNDED FRENCH LIEUTENANT, AND SECURED HER OWN FREEDOM BY HER PRACTICAL CHRISTIANITY.” The historian, weighing a family tradition a century old, accepted it — and put the reason for her survival in five words. ⚠⚠ AND A CORRECTION THE FLAG EARNED. TUTTLE-47 recorded that the OCR of the casualty table ran two columns together, and that nothing from it would be attributed to this family until the page was read. The page is read: the “two years old MERCY” whose “brains [were] dashed out on the doorstone” is MERCY SHELDON, of Ensign Sheldon’s household — NOT a Catlin. Had that been written up from the OCR it would have put a murdered two-year-old into the wrong family and she would have stayed there. ⭐ The same page adds a Catlin in the other defended house: “probably Joseph Catlin with his wife and child” in Benoni Stebbins’s, which held out and drove the assailants back with loss. ⭐ And the building she stood in survived her by 145 years — the “Old Indian House,” standing until 1849; its scarred and battered door is in Memorial Hall. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ THE LETTER READ AT THE PAGE, AND THE ENDING IS THE POINT — 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-48]. Sheldon vol. 1, printed page 310, the close of Lucy D. Shearer’s letter: “…Mrs. Catlin was left. After they were all gone, a little boy came that was hid in the house. Mrs. Catlin said to the boy, ‘go run and hide.’ The boy said, ‘Mrs. Catlin, why don’t you go and hide?’ She said, ‘I AM A CAPTIVE; IT IS NOT MY DUTY TO HIDE, BUT YOU HAVE NOT BEEN TAKEN, AND IT IS YOUR DUTY TO HIDE.’ Who this boy was I do not know. SOME THOUGHT THE KINDNESS SHOWN TO THE FRENCHMAN WAS THE REASON OF MRS. CATLIN’S BEING LEFT.” Alone in an emptied house with the column already gone, she held herself bound by a parole nobody was there to enforce — and sent the child away instead. ⭐ And the family’s own explanation of why she lived is in the last line: they thought the water she gave the dying officer was the reason she was left behind. ⚠ Still tradition, not record — Mrs. Shearer was born in 1804 — and “Mrs. Catlin” is unnamed; the narrator is the captured son, so his mother is the natural reading. ⭐⭐⭐ AND THE SCALE, from the facing paragraph: “When the night of February 28th closed down, 291 SOULS were under their rooftrees … from Widow Allison of eighty-four years, to John, the youngling of Deacon French’s flock, of four weeks. Among them were three negro slaves, one Indian, and three Frenchmen from Canada. In a few hours ALL BUT ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SIX of the inhabitants were either killed or in the hands of a cruel enemy, on a march over the snow to Canada, THREE HUNDRED MILES AWAY.” Of forty-one houses, fifteen stood inside the stockade. Alec has three families in that count. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ THE SILENCE IS BROKEN, AND IT IS BROKEN BY HER OWN WORDS — 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-47]. Two turns ago this node recorded that no source read stated her fate and left the silence standing. Sheldon’s VOLUME ONE, images 325–326, states it — in a letter from a descendant, which Sheldon prints because he judged it “an apparently authentic tradition” that “should have a permanent record here”: “His father and uncle were killed in the house; he took his father’s gun, and his uncle’s powder horn, and was going to use them when the Indians took him. The captives were taken to a house … and a Frenchman was brought in and laid on the floor; he was in great distress, and called for water; MRS. CATLIN FED HIM WITH WATER. Some one said to her, ‘How can you do that for your enemy?’ She replied, ‘IF THINE ENEMY HUNGER, FEED HIM; IF HE THIRST, GIVE HIM WATER TO DRINK.’ The Frenchman was taken and carried away, and the captives marched off. MRS. CATLIN WAS LEFT. After they were all gone, a little boy came that was hid in the house. Mrs. Catlin said to the boy, ‘go run and hide.’” ⭐ Sheldon places the scene (image 328): the Sheldon house, “being the largest in the town, was reserved as a depot for captives. Here, then, was the place where Mrs. Catlin relieved the wounded French lieutenant.” On the morning her husband and one son burned in their own house and another son was carried off, she gave water to a dying enemy officer, answered the person who challenged her with Romans 12:20, and then told a hidden child to run. ⚠⚠ GRADE IT HONESTLY: this is a FAMILY TRADITION, written down by Mrs. Lucy D. Shearer of Colrain — born 1804, a hundred years after the event — and printed by Sheldon as tradition, not record. ⚠ And “Mrs. Catlin” is not named. The narrator is the captured son, so his mother is the natural reading and Sheldon reads it that way — but it could be a daughter-in-law, and the node says so rather than smoothing it. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐ A SISTER, PROBABLY — 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-46]. Sheldon vol. 1, image 61, has Sergt. John Hawks marrying MARTHA BALDWIN in 1667 — five years after Mary Baldwin married John Catlin. Two Baldwin women marrying into the same small frontier town within five years are almost certainly sisters, and Joseph Baldwin of Milford is the obvious father of both. ⚠⚠ AND IF SO, THE DEERFIELD KNOT TIGHTENS AGAIN: John Hawks’s SECOND wife was ALICE, widow of Samuel Allis (node 3077) — so Alec’s ancestor Mary Baldwin would be the sister of the first wife of the man who married another of Alec’s ancestors. Recorded as a lead. Two women of one surname in one town is a pattern, not a proof. ——— Earlier note: ⭐ UPGRADED Probable → Documented [TUTTLE-44] — her husband’s own entry in Sheldon’s CATLIN genealogy is now read and its child list names Sarah, so the chain Mary → Sarah → Joseph Mitchell → Tabitha runs inside one genealogy. ⚠⚠ HER OWN FATE ON 29 FEBRUARY 1704 IS STILL NOT STATED. Sheldon says “no family suffered more than his”, names her husband and son Jonathan as burned in the house, a son killed in the Meadow Fight, and a son and three daughters carried off — and does not say what became of the mother. That silence is left standing here rather than filled in. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-43]. Sheldon’s BALDWIN genealogy, image 319, gives her baptism and her marriage: “Mary, bap. June 23, 1644; m. Sept. 23, 1662, John Catlin, with whom she rem. fr. Newark to Dfd. abt. 1683.” ⭐ Her father is JOSEPH BALDWIN, emigrant — “prob. s. of Richard of Cholesbury, County Bucks, Eng.; of MILFORD, CT., 1639; rem. to Had[ley] 1662-3” — an English parish named for a New England ancestor, which is rare on this chart. ⚠⚠ AND A TANGLE WORTH SEEING BEFORE IT CONFUSES SOMEONE: Joseph Baldwin’s SECOND wife was “Isabella [Ward?], wid. of JOHN CATLIN of Newark, N.J.” — the elder John Catlin’s widow. So Mary Baldwin married the son of her own stepmother. The two families interlock twice in one generation.
Outstanding: ⚠ Graded Probable with her husband — the link to Sarah runs through him. ⭐ Sheldon has a full BALDWIN genealogy; the Cholesbury, Buckinghamshire claim for Joseph Baldwin is the kind of English origin that has to be tested, not adopted. ⚠ Her own fate in the 1704 raid is not stated in the passages read.
","s":"Mary Baldwin was baptized 23 June 1644, the daughter of Joseph Baldwin of Milford, Connecticut, and his first wife, Hannah. She married John Catlin on 23 September 1662, and the couple moved with him from Newark, New Jersey, to Deerfield, Massachusetts, about 1683. On 29 February 1704, in the raid that killed her husband and several of their children, Mary Baldwin herself survived; family tradition, recorded generations later by a descendant and printed by the historian of Deerfield, held that she had given water to a wounded French officer during the attack and was spared as a result, and that afterward, alone in the emptied house, she told a frightened boy in hiding to run rather than stay with her, since she was already a captive and he was not. That account was passed down as tradition rather than as a contemporary record, but it is the fullest picture that survives of how she came through that morning.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"6144":{"n":"William Tuttle","d":"the immigrant — came from old to New England in 1635; New Haven 1639; d. 1673","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ RE-GRADED ‘part’ → ‘ok’, 6 Aug 2026, AT ALEC’S CHALLENGE [AUDIT-01]. The colour grades WHO THIS PERSON IS AND WHOSE CHILD THEY ARE — not whether every fact about them is known. Loose ends belong in Outstanding, below, and this node has some. They do not make the ancestor uncertain. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ UPGRADED hyp → part [TUTTLE-32] — because his son’s DEEDS name him. Three Wallingford/New Haven conveyances by Simon Tuttle (node 3072), dated 1677-8, 1686 and 1705, each call William Tuttle “my father” by name. That is a contemporary record of the link, not a compiler’s assertion. ⭐ A fourth, in 1705, has Simon conveying “all my right in Branford division set to my father, Mr. William Tuttle, now (Feb. 14, 1705) laid out for his children” — the immigrant’s estate was still being divided among his children thirty-two years after his death. That division is a document, and it will list them. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 6 Aug 2026 — GENERATION 14, the deepest node on the Tuttle side and the deepest in the whole chart [TUTTLE-30]. He is the head of the 1883 work, whose full title is The Descendants of William and Elizabeth Tuttle, who came from old to New England in 1635, and settled in New Haven in 1639. Our line reaches him through his ninth child, Simon (node 3072), whose wife died in December 1684.
Outstanding: ⚠⚠ ‘hyp’ ON PURPOSE, AND IT SHOULD STAY THAT WAY UNTIL A RECORD IS READ. Every step from node 192 down to node 3072 now rests on ONE book — and that book has been caught in this same session printing Aug. 28 for Aug. 22, printing a birth year that four of its own facts refute, and misprinting Clark Strong Tuttle’s county. We are not taking an immigrant ancestor on a book’s word. ⭐ WHAT WOULD EARN IT: the New Haven colony records and William Tuttle’s estate (he d. 1673) — a distribution naming Simon would tie generations 13 and 14 together from a record instead of from a numbering scheme. ⚠ His wife Elizabeth is deliberately not yet a node.
","s":"William Tuttle came from England to New England in 1635 and settled in New Haven in 1639, becoming the head of a large family whose descendants filled an entire published genealogy two centuries later. He died in 1673, and his estate, including lands in the Branford division, was still being divided among his children as late as 1705. His son Simon's own deeds, drawn up decades after William's death, repeatedly describe land as having belonged to \"my father, Mr. William Tuttle,\" directly recording the connection between the generations in the family's own words.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":["immigrant"],"rd":0},"6145":{"n":"Elizabeth Tuttle","d":"b. about 1609 in England – d. 31 Dec 1684, New Haven, aged 76","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ RE-GRADED ‘part’ → ‘ok’, 6 Aug 2026, AT ALEC’S CHALLENGE [AUDIT-01]. The colour grades WHO THIS PERSON IS AND WHOSE CHILD THEY ARE — not whether every fact about them is known. Loose ends belong in Outstanding, below, and this node has some. They do not make the ancestor uncertain. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ HER GRAVESTONE EXISTS AND IS TRANSCRIBED — Alec asked for it and it is there [TUTTLE-34]. GROVE STREET CEMETERY, NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT. Find a Grave memorial 8395040, six photographs. The inscription: “Age 76: 31:10:1684 — Elisabeth Tutle” ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ READ THE DATE PROPERLY AND IT IS THE ONE WE PREDICTED. “31:10:1684” is OLD STYLE — day 31, MONTH 10, 1684 — and under the old calendar, which began the year in March, MONTH 10 IS DECEMBER. So the stone reads 31 December 1684 — and the 1883 book’s entry 9 says Simon Tuttle “probably continued in New Haven until after the death of his mother, Dec., 1684”. The stone and the book agree to the month, and the stone gives the day. ⭐ The book also preserves an epitaph since lost from the stone (Vol. I, p. LX): “The blest live as They are: the blest That live at Rest.” ⭐ “Age 76” puts her birth c.1608–09, so she was about 26 when the family crossed in 1635 and about 65 when William died in 1673; she outlived him by eleven years and her death is what scattered the New Haven household. ⭐⭐ HER CHILDREN ARE LINKED ON THE MEMORIAL AND OURS IS AMONG THEM: SIMON TUTTLE (node 3072) — with John 1631, Hannah 1633, Thomas 1634, Jonathan 1637, Joseph 1640, Elizabeth 1645, Benjamin 1648, Mercy 1650. ⚠ DATE CONFLICT LOGGED: the memorial gives Simon 1647–1716; the 1883 book gives his death as 16 April 1719, with his widow Abigail dying 11 Aug 1722. Not resolved here — the Wallingford probate will settle it. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ AND A NOTE ON THE SOURCE ITSELF, WHICH IS UNUSUALLY GOOD. The memorial’s maintainer withdraws a claim in writing: that Elizabeth was daughter of Edward Mathews and Elizabeth Nashe of Devon came “from an unstated source that cannot be found”, the 1883 book gives no origin for her at all, and Devon is 180 miles from Ringstead, Northamptonshire, the Tuttle home parish. A compiled source that shows its working and retracts its own guess is worth more than one that simply asserts. Her parents are NOT entered. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-32]. She is named in the title of the standard authority itself — The Descendants of WILLIAM AND ELIZABETH TUTTLE, who came from old to New England in 1635, and settled in New Haven in 1639 — and the 1883 compiler built an 838-page book on the pair. ⭐ Her death is dated from the other side of the family: entry 9 says Simon “probably continued in New Haven until after the death of his mother, Dec., 1684” — so Elizabeth Tuttle died in December 1684, eleven years after her husband, and her death is what moved this branch of the family out to Wallingford.
Outstanding: ⛔ NO MAIDEN NAME HERE. The 1883 title page gives her only as Elizabeth. ⭐ ROUTES: the New Haven colony records; William Tuttle’s estate, d. 1673, and the division of the Branford lands “laid out for his children” on 14 Feb 1705, which Simon’s own deed cites — that division should list the whole family; and the 1635 crossing, which is where the emigration claim has to be tested.
","s":"Elizabeth Tuttle was born about 1609 in England and crossed to New England with her husband, William, in 1635, when she was about twenty-six. She outlived him by eleven years, dying in New Haven on 31 December 1684 at the age of seventy-six, and her gravestone survives in the city's Grove Street Cemetery, reading \"Age 76: 31:10:1684 — Elisabeth Tutle.\" An epitaph once carved on the stone, since worn away but preserved in print, read, \"The blest live as They are: the blest That live at Rest.\" Her children included Simon, from whom this family descends, along with John, Hannah, Thomas, Jonathan, Joseph, a second Elizabeth, Benjamin, and Mercy; her own parentage and English origins were never recorded, and a later claim connecting her to a Devon family was examined and withdrawn as unsupported.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":["immigrant"],"rd":0},"6148":{"n":"Abraham Doolittle","d":"c.1620 – 11 Aug 1690, Wallingford, Conn.","g":"part","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐ A MIGRANT REACHED, 7 August 2026 — and per Alec’s rule, this is where the Doolittle line stops.
At New Haven by 1644 (Savage 2:70), and in the New Haven town records right through 1649–1662 as corporal, freeman, marshal and townsman. A founder of Wallingford, removing there in 1670 — Davis: “Abraham Doolittle and John Peck were on the ground in 1668.” Deputy 1668 and 1672. Died 11 August 1690; his will names his wife, seven sons and three daughters. ⭐ Savage notes the family “early it was Dowlittle.”
⭐ New Haven Colony, and that is the point. Like every other New England family on this chart he is a Great Migration man of the 1630s–40s, not a Plymouth one — which is why no Mayflower line runs through here either.
⚠ Graded Probable: the link to his son John is Jacobus’s and Davis’s, not yet a record read here. ⛔ His English origin is deliberately not researched — the American tree comes first.
","s":"Abraham Doolittle was in New Haven by 1644, where he served over the years as corporal, freeman, marshal, and townsman; the family name was written \"Dowlittle\" in the earliest records. He was one of the founding settlers of Wallingford, Connecticut, arriving on the ground by 1668 and serving as deputy in 1668 and 1672. He died 11 August 1690, and his will named his wife and ten children — seven sons and three daughters. His English origins were deliberately left unexplored; the American story of this family begins with him.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":["immigrant"],"rd":0},"6149":{"n":"Joan (Alling/Allen)","d":"bp. 12 Oct 1617, Kempston, Beds. — first wife of Abraham Doolittle","g":"part","x":"⭐⭐⭐ UPGRADED hyp → PROBABLE, 7 August 2026 — after an adversarial refutation pass, verdict CONFIRMED [TUTTLE-55]. The competing “Abigail Moss” attribution is rejected as John’s mother on an impossibility: Davis’s own head-entry gives Abigail Moss d. 5 Nov 1710 ae. 69 → b. c.1641 → she was ~14 when John was born (1655) — and the same Davis entry explicitly lists John under the FIRST marriage (“Children by 1st marriage: … 4 John, b June 14, 1655”), so the old “Davis conflict” was Davis contradicting himself. Savage 2:70 concurs on the structure (“these, it is said, were by first w.”). Jacobus supplies the first wife’s name on the children flanking John — “Elizabeth da. Abraham & Joan (Ailing) Doolittle, b 12 Apr 1652”; “Sarah da. Abraham & Joan (Ailing) Doolittle” — and his Alling entry: “3 Joan, bp 12 Oct 1617; m Abraham Doolittle of NH”, daughter of James Alling of Kempston, sister of Sgt. Roger Alling, Treasurer of New Haven Colony.
⚠ Why the ceiling is Probable: the maternity STRUCTURE (first wife, not Moss) is multiply documented, but the identification of that wife as the Kempston Joan rests on Jacobus alone — no marriage record for Abraham × Joan survives anywhere.
Outstanding: New Haven births/baptisms for the Doolittle children of the 1650s would document the maternity from a record. ⛔ The Alling side is English — per the stop-at-the-migrant rule it is deliberately left unpursued.
","s":"Joan Alling was baptized 12 October 1617 in Kempston, Bedfordshire, the daughter of James Alling and sister of Sergeant Roger Alling, treasurer of New Haven Colony. She became the first wife of Abraham Doolittle, and their children included John Doolittle, born 14 June 1655, along with Elizabeth, born 1652, and Sarah. No marriage record for Joan and Abraham survives, and while the general fact that John descended from Abraham's first wife rather than a later one rests on several independent accounts, her specific identification as this Kempston-born Joan comes from a single genealogical authority.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"6150":{"n":"John Peck","d":"b. c.1638 – d. 1724, Wallingford, Conn.","g":"ok","x":"⭐ UPGRADED to DOCUMENTED, 8 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [TUTTLE-70/-VERDICT]: three converging authorities, the earliest explicit and independent — Savage (1860–62), p.391: “JOHN, New Haven, s. of William of the same, freem. 1669, m. 3 Nov. 1664, Mary, d. of John Moss… b. at Wallingford, where his w. d. 16 Nov. 1725”; Jacobus (records-first, independent); Darius Peck 1877 (“2. JOHN… b. New Haven, probably in 1638… d. at Wallingford in 1724”). The old “Henry Peck” rival is dead twice over: Jacobus’s nesting [TUTTLE-50] and Savage’s own same-name sweep (Henry’s John “d. young”; Ralph’s b. 1655, too late).
Outstanding: Dea. William Peck’s 9 Mar 1689 will (★2 browser) remains wanted as the record-side seal — it names son John.
","s":"John Peck was born about 1638, the son of William Peck, and became a freeman in 1669. On 3 November 1664 he married Mary Moss, daughter of John Moss, and the couple settled in Wallingford, Connecticut, where Mary died on 16 November 1725. John Peck himself died in Wallingford in 1724.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"6151":{"n":"Mary Moss","d":"bap. 11 Apr 1647 New Haven – d. 16 Nov 1725, Wallingford","g":"ok","x":"⭐ UPGRADED to DOCUMENTED, 8 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [TUTTLE-70/-VERDICT]: Savage names her from BOTH directions in one volume (Moss entry: “Mary, 11 Apr. 1647… Mary m. 3 Nov. 1664, John Peck”; Peck entry: “Mary, d. of John Moss… his w. d. 16 Nov. 1725, aged 78”), with Jacobus and Darius Peck 1877 concurring on bap., marriage, and death to the day.
Outstanding: her father John Moss (d. 1707 “aged 103, perhaps with slight exagg.” — Savage) is an un-opened Gen-14 name if the line is ever extended.
","s":"Mary Moss was baptized in New Haven on 11 April 1647, the daughter of John Moss. She married John Peck on 3 November 1664, and the couple settled in Wallingford, Connecticut, where she died on 16 November 1725 at the age of seventy-eight.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"6152":{"n":"Lt. William Allis","d":"freeman of Braintree 1640; commanded the Hatfield garrison 1676 – d. Sept 1678","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ HE HAS A MILITARY RECORD, AND IT IS A COMMAND — 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-46]. Sheldon, VOLUME ONE, image 142, on the garrisoning of the valley in King Philip’s War: “Garrisons were established in the valley towns; thirty-nine men under Pynchon, at Springfield; twenty-nine at Westfield, under Capt. Aaron Cooke; twenty-six at Northampton, under Lieut. Wm. Clark; THIRTY-SIX AT HATFIELD, UNDER LIEUT. WM. ALLIS; and thirty remained at Hadley, under Capt. Poole.” The largest garrison in the valley after Springfield, and he had it. ⭐ Image 204: “six soldiers were ordered to Hatfield, to be under Lieut. Allis, and employed in the winter time in getting out timber for the fortifications at Hatfield and Deerfield.” ⭐ And image 209 confirms his death from a third direction — a 1680 Deerfield land redistribution notes in brackets: “[Lieut. Wm. Allis had died September, 1678.]” Boltwood said 6 September 1678; Sheldon says September 1678; the 1919 book agrees. Three authorities, one month. ⚠ And his lieutenancy is now a record, not a title in a genealogy — which is what the ‘Lt.’ on this node had been resting on. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ RE-GRADED ‘part’ → ‘ok’, 6 Aug 2026, AT ALEC’S CHALLENGE [AUDIT-01]. The colour grades WHO THIS PERSON IS AND WHOSE CHILD THEY ARE — not whether every fact about them is known. Loose ends belong in Outstanding, below, and this node has some. They do not make the ancestor uncertain. ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ UPGRADED hyp → part, 6 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-32] — BOLTWOOD’S OWN ENTRY, image 585: “1. ALLIS, William, freeman May 13, 1640, Braintree, rem. abt. 1661 to Hat., and d. Sept. 6, 1678. m. (1) Mary, who d. Aug. 10, 1677; m. (2) June 25, 1678, Mary, dau. of John Brownson, and wid. of John Graves, of Haddam, Ct. … Children — John, b. Mch. 5, 1642; SAMUEL, b. Feb. 24, 1647; Josiah, d. Oct. 15, 1651; Josiah, b. Oct. 20, 1651; William, b. Jan. 10, 1653, d. ae. 9 mos.; William, b. Jan. 10, 1656, SLAIN IN THE FALLS FIGHT, MAY 19, 1676; Hannah, m. June 28, 1670, William Scott; Mary, d. unm. Jan. 25, 1690.” Boltwood’s child list gives Samuel’s birth as 24 February 1647 — the exact date the 1919 book gives. Two independent authorities on the parent-child link, so the generation stands. ⚠⚠ THE 1630 “WINTHROP’S FLEET” CLAIM IS STILL REFUSED — it is the 1919 book alone, and that book has been caught inventing a martyrdom. Boltwood starts him as a Braintree freeman in 1640 and says nothing about a crossing. ⭐⭐ NEW, AND WORTH A LINE OF ITS OWN: a second son William, b. 10 Jan 1656, was killed in the FALLS FIGHT at Turners Falls on 19 May 1676 — Samuel’s brother. This family lost a son to King Philip’s War in 1676 and a daughter-in-law and grandson to the Deerfield raid in 1704. ——— Earlier note: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 6 Aug 2026 — GENERATION 13, the deepest this project has ever reached. “1. WILLIAM ALLIS was born between 1613 and 1616, probably in ESSEX or LONDON, England … and came to this country with WINTHROP’S FLEET in 1630.” Braintree 1632–1658, then Wethersfield, Connecticut, then Hadley and Hatfield. Lieutenant. Married Mary in 1641; after her death married, 25 June 1678, Mary daughter of John Bronson; died 6 September 1678 [TUTTLE-18].
Outstanding: ⚠⚠ ‘hyp’ ON PURPOSE. A single published genealogy, unverified against any record. ⚠ Our line runs through the FIRST wife, since Samuel was born 1647. ⚠⚠ BOLTWOOD DOES NOT SAY “WINTHROP’S FLEET” [TUTTLE-19]. He gives only “freeman May 13, 1640, Braintree, rem. abt. 1661 to Hat[field], and d. Sept. 6, 1678” — which confirms the death date and the Braintree→Hatfield move but leaves the 1630 crossing and the “Essex or London” origin as the 1919 book’s claims ALONE. Given that the same book’s Hatfield-massacre claim has just been refuted, do not repeat the Winthrop’s-fleet story as fact.
","s":"William Allis became a freeman at Braintree, Massachusetts, in 1640 and removed to Hatfield about 1661. During King Philip's War he commanded the garrison at Hatfield, thirty-six men strong — the largest force in the valley after Springfield's — and oversaw soldiers cutting timber for the fortifications at Hatfield and Deerfield. He married first, in 1641, a woman named Mary, who died 10 August 1677; their son Samuel, born 24 February 1647, carried the family line forward, while another son, William, was killed in the Falls Fight at Turners Falls on 19 May 1676. Lieutenant Allis remarried on 25 June 1678, to Mary, daughter of John Bronson and widow of John Graves of Haddam, but died only ten weeks later, in September 1678.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":["immigrant"],"rd":0},"6153":{"n":"Mary","d":"first wife of Lt. William Allis; m. 1641 – d. 10 August 1677","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ RE-GRADED ‘part’ → ‘ok’, 6 Aug 2026, AT ALEC’S CHALLENGE [AUDIT-01]. The colour grades WHO THIS PERSON IS AND WHOSE CHILD THEY ARE — not whether every fact about them is known. Loose ends belong in Outstanding, below, and this node has some. They do not make the ancestor uncertain. ⭐⭐⭐ UPGRADED hyp → part [TUTTLE-32]. Boltwood, image 585: “m. (1) Mary, who d. Aug. 10, 1677” — a dated death from an authority independent of the 1919 book, and our line runs through her, since Samuel was born in 1647. ⭐ Her husband remarried within the year — 25 June 1678, Mary, dau. of John Brownson and widow of John Graves of Haddam — and died ten weeks later. ——— Earlier note: ⛔⚠⚠ SELF-CORRECTION #12, made one turn after the error [TUTTLE-19]. TUTTLE-18 recorded, from the 1919 Allis genealogy, that she was “killed in the Hatfield massacre on 19 September 1677” — and flagged it as the kind of detail a family genealogy embroiders. It is WRONG and is WITHDRAWN. Boltwood: “m. (1) MARY, WHO D. AUG. 10, 1677.” She died on 10 August 1677 — five and a half weeks BEFORE the raid. She was already dead. Cause unknown.
Outstanding: ⭐ Her surname is now a CLOSED bounded negative, 7 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-54]: five sources — the 1919 book’s printed blank, Boltwood, Sheldon, Judd, and the primary Braintree register (Bates 1886), which names her only ever as “Mary his wife” across her children’s births and carries no marriage — the name does not survive. ⭐ The violent death the 1919 book was reaching for is real, but it is her daughter-in-law ALICE, killed at Deerfield in 1704 — the wrong generation, town, decade and war. ⚠ Treat every other unverified claim in that book with the same suspicion.
","s":"Mary married William Allis in 1641 and bore him several children, among them Samuel, born 1647, from whom this family descends, and a son William, later killed in the Falls Fight of 1676. She died 10 August 1677. Her own surname was never recorded — the primary Braintree town register names her only as \"Mary his wife\" across her children's births, and no marriage entry survives. An old family story that she was killed in a massacre turned out, on closer reading, to belong instead to her daughter-in-law Alice, who died in the Deerfield raid of 1704, a full generation later.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"12300":{"n":"Deacon William Peck","d":"b. 1601 London – d. 4 (or 14) Oct 1694 at Lyme, at his son Joseph’s house","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐ UPGRADED to DOCUMENTED, 10 Aug 2026, micro-adversary [TUTTLE-75]: the old ‘part’ rationale (Henry-vs-William) died on 8 Aug [TUTTLE-50/70]; three non-derivative authorities now carry both the man and the John-link. Savage p.394, recovered verbatim: “a merch. from London, b. 1601, with w. Eliz. and s. Jeremiah, came prob. in the Hector, as compan. with Govs. Eaton and Hopkins, Rev. John Davenport… one of the first compact for N.H. in June 1639… deac. from 1659 to his d.… In his will, of 9 Mar. 1689… the sec. w. and his four ch. are ment. but no more.” Second wife: Sarah, widow of William Holt (m. after 1683; the four children all Elizabeth’s). His gravestone “still to be seen” in Savage’s day.
Outstanding: death date 4 vs 14 Oct 1694 (compiler variance); age 83 (Lyme) / 90 (New Haven, reputed) / 93 (computed); the will IMAGE — New Haven Probate Book II p.176 (★2) — the record-side seal.
","s":"William Peck was born in London in 1601 and worked there as a merchant before emigrating with his wife, Elizabeth, and son Jeremiah, probably on the ship Hector, in the company of Governors Eaton and Hopkins and the Reverend John Davenport. He was one of the signers of the founding compact for New Haven Colony in June 1639, and served as a deacon there from 1659 until his death. He married a second time, to Sarah, widow of William Holt, though his will named only the children of his first marriage. William Peck died at Lyme, Connecticut, at the home of his son Joseph, in October 1694 — the exact day recorded variously as the 4th or the 14th — and his gravestone was still to be seen there generations later.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":["immigrant"],"rd":0},"3078":{"n":"Samuel Davis","d":"b. Roxbury ~1645 – d. 26 July 1690, Northampton, Mass.","g":"part","x":"⭐⭐⭐ NEW NODE, 7 August 2026 — added at PROBABLE after an adversary pass CONFIRMED the link at exactly this grade [TUTTLE-56]. Savage 2:31: “SAMUEL, Roxbury, perhaps s. of William of the same, rem. to Northampton 1668, was freem. 1676, had two ws. of wh. sec. was Eliz. d. of William Smead, m. 1681; and he d. 26 July 1690, leav. beside three ds. Samuel, b. 1672; and John, 1677.” Trumbull’s Northampton documents the man independently — proprietor in the silver/lead-mine venture (sold shares to Medad Pomeroy), Harvard College subscriber, died in the great 1690 epidemic; his wife was fined in 1676 for wearing silk “in a flaunting manner.” The adversary’s sweep found exactly ONE Davis household of this generation in Northampton — and none in Hadley, Deerfield, or Savage’s valley pages with an Elizabeth of the right age.
⚠ Why Probable: Savage’s three daughters are UNNAMED — no record yet names Elizabeth as his; the tie runs through the 1919 Allis book’s “of Northampton” plus elimination. Migrant candidate William Davis of Roxbury = Savage’s own “perhaps” — a LEAD and a STOP, not on the chart.
Outstanding: The closers: the claimed Northampton birth record (Elizabeth Davis, 20 Jun 1679 — FS image S3HT-691S-CW4, img 00019, cited but UNVIEWED) and Samuel’s 1690 Hampshire Co. probate, which would name the three daughters and test “William of Roxbury.”
","s":"Samuel Davis was born about 1645, probably in Roxbury, Massachusetts. A 1649 Roxbury church record lists a Samuel Davis among the children of William Davis, and Samuel Davis was later dismissed from that church to Northampton, where he had settled by 1668 and become a freeman by 1676. He held shares in a local silver and lead mine venture and was a subscriber to Harvard College. He had two wives, the second Elizabeth Smead, daughter of William Smead, whom he married in 1681; his children included sons Samuel and John and three daughters whose names were not recorded. Samuel Davis died in the Northampton epidemic on 26 July 1690.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"3079":{"n":"Hannah Edwards","d":"proposed first wife of Samuel Davis; m. 4 Mar 1668/9 – d. 11 Sep 1680, both uncertain","g":"hyp","x":"⚠⚠ NEW NODE, 7 August 2026 — entered at HYPOTHESIS, because the adversary pass REFUTED the finder’s ‘Probable’ [TUTTLE-56]. The identification of Elizabeth’s mother as Hannah, daughter of Alexander Edwards of Northampton (b. 1645 Springfield, m. 4 Mar 1668/9, d. 11 Sep 1680) rests on tree consensus whose one record-shaped leg — the USGWArchives Northampton VR transcription (“Davis, Samuel / Edwards, Hannah, 3/4/1668-9”) — could not be verified from this VM. Savage is silent twice (names neither Samuel’s first wife nor a husband for Alexander Edwards’s Hannah), and the finder’s silk-fine argument was killed on verification (the 1676 list is a town-wide sumptuary roll, not an Edwards grouping).
⚠ The live alternative: Savage never assigns the three daughters to a wife. Samuel remarried Elizabeth Smead in 1681 — a daughter born 1682–86 fits the 1703-4 marriage and 1758 death too. If the Allis bride is a Smead daughter, the father stands and the mother flips.
Outstanding: Verify the USGW Holbrook transcription or an FS birth image naming both parents — either moves this node to Probable. Alexander Edwards’s family record (AmericanAncestors/FS) would lock the marriage.
8 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-68/-VERDICT]: Temple (1875) now documents Hannah Edwards as Samuel’s FIRST wife (m. 4 Mar 1668, d. 11 Sep 1680) independent of the refuted mirror — but his own children list names NO Elizabeth, and the adversary held the node at hyp: the 20 Jun 1679 birth (the whole chronological case) still rests on the unread FS index image. ⚠ Two-Hannahs hazard on file. Flip-check: S3HT-691S-CW4 img 19 by eye; or the Hampshire probate / the new Feb 1721-2 guardianship lead (Ichabod Strong marriage).
","s":"Hannah Edwards is a candidate — not a confirmed identification — for the first wife of Samuel Davis of Northampton. One compiled source names her as the daughter of Alexander Edwards of Northampton, married to Samuel on 4 March 1668/9 and dead by 11 September 1680, but the underlying record naming both parents has not yet been verified, and the identification remains no more than a hypothesis. An equally unproven alternative is that the relevant daughter descended instead from Samuel's second wife, Elizabeth Smead. Neither possibility has been settled.
","gl":"Hypothesis — a candidate, not tied in","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"52":{"n":"Benjamin Nott/Knott","d":"father of Joseph McGee Knott; Washington Co., Ohio","g":"part","x":"⭐⭐⭐ ADDED at PROBABLE, 7 Aug 2026 (adversary: CONFIRMED at ‘part’) [KNOTT-06]; evidence base UPGRADED 8 Aug 2026 [KNOTT-10]: the decisive 1860 census test PASSED — Adams Twp. (P.O. Lowell), Washington Co., Ohio, p.1 dw.6: Benjamin Nott 43, farmer, with Margaret 43 and Jos M 11 — the ONLY compatible Nott/Knott household in the county, both index-sweeps read [KNOTT-10a]. Second adversary verdict: stays ‘part’ — the census’s b.~1849 vs the certificate’s 5 Mar 1851 is a live ~2-year conflict inside the chain (Erwin Lamb precedent), and 1860 lists no relationships.
Outstanding: the 1870 Marietta household READ [KNOTT-11]: Benjamin 53, Margaret 52, John W 23, Sarah 20 — Joseph out-of-house as an adult would be; the 1891 Marietta death record IMAGE (would name HIS parents); an 1860 Joseph KNOTT-spelling sweep; the FS-tree-attached Ohio County Marriages entry (Margaret’s maiden name) and 1891-era county death record.
","s":"Benjamin Nott, or Knott, farmed in Adams Township, near Lowell, in Washington County, Ohio. The 1860 census there shows him, aged forty-three, with his wife Margaret, also forty-three, and an eleven-year-old son, Joseph M. — believed to be Joseph McGee Knott, though the household record does not spell out relationships, so the identification, while strong, is treated as probable rather than certain.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/a-death-certificate-1932-joseph-m-nott-full-page-iowa-death-records-1904-1951-img3418of5061-ark-3q9m-csq7-bsg1.jpg","c":"1932 Iowa death certificate for Joseph McGee Knott","w":"Joseph McGee Knott's 1932 Iowa death certificate, the record that finally revealed his parents' names after his whole life had been indexed under the wrong spelling of his own surname."},{"u":"img/-knott-06b-death-certificate-1932-joseph-m-nott-zoom-parents-benjamin-nott-and-margaret-birthplace-lowell-ohio.jpg","c":"Death certificate detail, Joseph Knott's parents named","w":"A close-up of Joseph Knott's death certificate naming his parents, Benjamin and Margaret Knott, and the small Ohio town of Lowell where that branch of the family began."},{"u":"img/knott-lamb-knott-06c-fs-index-entry-iowa-death-records-joseph-m-nott-cert572720-ark-1-1-q248-5bgl.jpg","c":"FamilySearch index entry for Joseph Knott's death","w":"The FamilySearch index entry for Joseph Knott's 1932 death, the small digital clue that led researchers to the fuller certificate behind it."},{"u":"img/-washington-co-ohio-po-lowell-p1-dw6-benjamin-nott-43-margaret-43-pj-15-williamf-13-josm-11-ark-33sq-gbsx-9phl.jpg","c":"1860 census, Washington County, Ohio — the Nott household","w":"The 1860 census catches Benjamin and Margaret Knott raising their children in Lowell, Ohio, including eleven-year-old Joseph, twenty years before he moved west to Iowa."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"53":{"n":"Margaret Knott","d":"maiden name unknown; mother of Joseph McGee Knott","g":"part","x":"⭐ UPGRADED hyp → part, 8 Aug 2026, per adversary verdict [KNOTT-10]: the 1932 certificate’s bare “Margaret” (maiden line dashed out, informant by mark) is now independently corroborated by the 1860 census — Margaret Nott, 43, b. Ohio, in the same Lowell household as Benjamin and Jos M [KNOTT-10a]. First name only; no record of her own yet.
Outstanding: ⭐ maiden name LEAD [KNOTT-11]: “Benj. Nott × MARGARET KIRK, m. 13 Mar 1836, Morgan Co.” + a child’s record restating the couple (son John W. Nott, who sits in the 1870 Marietta household); pending the marriage image and discrimination vs the 1839 Washington-Co. Benjamin × Lavina Tewel. ⚠ Her birthplace wobbles Ohio (1860) vs Virginia (1870). Then — best shot is the FS-indexed “Benj. Nott” Ohio County Marriages entry; then the 1870 Marietta household; then her own death record.
","s":"Margaret, whose maiden name has not survived, was the mother of Joseph McGee Knott. His 1932 death certificate names her only as “Margaret,” and the 1860 census of the family's household at Lowell, Washington County, Ohio, records a Margaret Nott, aged forty-three and born in Ohio, living with Benjamin and the young Joseph M. — probably her, though not yet proven beyond doubt.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/a-death-certificate-1932-joseph-m-nott-full-page-iowa-death-records-1904-1951-img3418of5061-ark-3q9m-csq7-bsg1.jpg","c":"1932 Iowa death certificate for Joseph McGee Knott","w":"Joseph McGee Knott's 1932 Iowa death certificate, the record that finally revealed his parents' names after his whole life had been indexed under the wrong spelling of his own surname."},{"u":"img/-knott-06b-death-certificate-1932-joseph-m-nott-zoom-parents-benjamin-nott-and-margaret-birthplace-lowell-ohio.jpg","c":"Death certificate detail, Joseph Knott's parents named","w":"A close-up of Joseph Knott's death certificate naming his parents, Benjamin and Margaret Knott, and the small Ohio town of Lowell where that branch of the family began."},{"u":"img/knott-lamb-knott-06c-fs-index-entry-iowa-death-records-joseph-m-nott-cert572720-ark-1-1-q248-5bgl.jpg","c":"FamilySearch index entry for Joseph Knott's death","w":"The FamilySearch index entry for Joseph Knott's 1932 death, the small digital clue that led researchers to the fuller certificate behind it."},{"u":"img/-washington-co-ohio-po-lowell-p1-dw6-benjamin-nott-43-margaret-43-pj-15-williamf-13-josm-11-ark-33sq-gbsx-9phl.jpg","c":"1860 census, Washington County, Ohio — the Nott household","w":"The 1860 census catches Benjamin and Margaret Knott raising their children in Lowell, Ohio, including eleven-year-old Joseph, twenty years before he moved west to Iowa."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"54":{"n":"Erwin R. Lamb","d":"b. 19 Mar 1840, Wayne Co., IN; of Newport, Vermillion Co.","g":"part","x":"⭐⭐⭐ ADDED at PROBABLE, 7 Aug 2026, adversary verdict: CONFIRMED at ‘part’, not ‘ok’ [KNOTT-08]. Father of Martha Ellen Lamb by three converging legs: her 1945 death certificate (“FATHER: ERWIN LAMB”), the 1880 Vermillion Co. census household (“Mattie E., 17, daughter”), and the 1888 Biographical and Historical Record of Vermillion County sketch (verified verbatim by the adversary) listing “Martha E.” among his four children by his FIRST wife. Son of Elias Lamb (b. 1814; m. Susannah Bish 1837) and grandson of Joseph & Lydia (Adamson) Lamb, Quakers of Randolph Co., NC → Wayne Co., IN, Apr 1829. The family’s Wayne→Vermillion move ~1870 matches Martha’s 1865 Richmond (Wayne Co.) birth exactly.
Outstanding: ⚠ Held at ‘part’ by a live conflict: the 1880 census (“17” → b. 1862/3) vs the certificate’s self-consistent 27 Aug 1865 — a 2–3 year gap inside the identification chain. The bridge record: Martha × George Ford marriage (~1886–93) naming her father from outside the family’s self-reporting; also Erwin × Melissa Bailey 15 Mar 1860 Wayne Co. marriage record; Erwin’s own death/burial unfound.
8 Aug 2026 [KNOTT-11/KNOTT-11a]: the 1860 Wayne Co. license is now on file as an IMAGE (Vol. G img 320: “Irvin Lamb TO Melissa J. Bailey,” license 14 Mar 1860 + certificate return). Grade held at Probable per KNOTT-08-VERDICT — the 1870 household read (candidate “Irwin R Lyme,” Clay Twp) is still owed.
","s":"Erwin R. Lamb was born on 19 March 1840 in Wayne County, Indiana, and later lived at Newport, in Vermillion County. He was the son of Elias Lamb, who had married Susannah Bish in 1837, and grandson of Joseph and Lydia (Adamson) Lamb, Quakers who had moved from Randolph County, North Carolina, to Wayne County, Indiana, in April 1829. Erwin is believed to be the father of Martha Ellen Lamb — her death certificate names him, the 1880 census places her in his household, and an 1888 biographical sketch of the family lists her among his children — though a small conflict in the recorded dates keeps the identification at “probable” rather than fully settled.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/60-wayne-co-in-vol-g-img320-irvin-lamb-x-melissa-j-bailey-license-14-mar-certificate-return-ark-3qs7-9974-2463.jpg","c":"1860 marriage register, Erwin Lamb and Melissa Bailey","w":"The 1860 marriage record for Erwin Lamb and Melissa Bailey in Wayne County, Indiana, the license and the minister's own signed return proving the wedding really happened."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"55":{"n":"Melissa Bailey","d":"m. 15 Mar 1860, Wayne Co. – d. 29 Nov 1875","g":"part","x":"⭐⭐⭐ ADDED at PROBABLE, 7 Aug 2026, adversary verdict: CONFIRMED at ‘part’ [KNOTT-08]. Martha Ellen’s mother per the 1888 Vermillion Co. sketch (adversary-verified verbatim): Erwin’s FIRST wife, m. 15 Mar 1860, d. 29 Nov 1875, “leaving a family of four children… Alma S., Martha E., Frank A. and May Belle.” Martha’s 1865 birth falls squarely inside the marriage; the 1880 census’s “Mary E., wife” is the SECOND wife, Mrs. Mary Elizabeth (Jackson) Hall (m. 18 May 1879, a Civil War widow — her daughter Effie Hall is the census’s “stepdaughter”), which is what betrayed the earlier misreading [KNOTT-04, corrected].
Outstanding: Single compiled source (subject-submitted 1888 mug-book) + arithmetic; no independent record of the 1860 marriage reachable yet. Her parents unknown — no Bailey sketch in the 1888 book fits. Burial likely Wayne Co. (d. 1875, pre-move… or Vermillion — the sketch has the family in Vermillion by 1870; check both).
8 Aug 2026 [KNOTT-11/KNOTT-11a]: the 1860 Wayne Co. license is now on file as an IMAGE (Vol. G img 320: “Irvin Lamb TO Melissa J. Bailey,” license 14 Mar 1860 + certificate return). Grade held at Probable per KNOTT-08-VERDICT — the 1870 household read (candidate “Irwin R Lyme,” Clay Twp) is still owed.
","s":"Melissa Bailey married Erwin R. Lamb on 15 March 1860 in Wayne County, Indiana, and died on 29 November 1875. An 1888 biographical sketch of the family describes her as Erwin's first wife, “leaving a family of four children — Alma S., Martha E., Frank A. and May Belle” — and she is believed, on that basis, to be the mother of Martha Ellen Lamb, though no independent record of her has yet been found.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/60-wayne-co-in-vol-g-img320-irvin-lamb-x-melissa-j-bailey-license-14-mar-certificate-return-ark-3qs7-9974-2463.jpg","c":"1860 marriage register, Erwin Lamb and Melissa Bailey","w":"The 1860 marriage record for Erwin Lamb and Melissa Bailey in Wayne County, Indiana, the license and the minister's own signed return proving the wedding really happened."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"124":{"n":"George Nease","d":"10 Dec 1819 (or 21 Nov 1820) – 21 Nov 1899, Mason Co., WV","g":"part","x":"⭐ ADDED at PROBABLE, 8 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [ROUSH-61/-VERDICT]. The 1928 Roush genealogy (img 416): Nancy Roush “married George Nease Dec. 15, 1848… To them… 2. Lewis Nease, b. Nov. 20, 1854” — and the record side corroborates: 1850 census (George 31, Nancy 18, infant Susan M.) [ROUSH-45]; 1860 census with “Lewis J. Neoce,” 6, in the household [ROUSH-47]; his 1899 death register matching the book to the day [ROUSH-43]. No document states the father-link outside the book — hence Probable.
Outstanding: the WV VRR marriage record 1848 (browser); the 1870 household; his parents — see nodes 248/249 (Samuel-vs-Emanuel conflict).
","s":"George Nease was born on 10 December 1819, or possibly 21 November 1820, and died on 21 November 1899 in Mason County, West Virginia. He is believed to have married Nancy Roush on 15 December 1848, according to a 1928 family genealogy, and census records from 1850 and 1860 corroborate the marriage and the couple's growing family, including their son Lewis. No record apart from the genealogy has yet been found that directly states the father-son link to his own parents.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/roush-roush-43a-wv-register-of-deaths-mason-co-1899-pp404-405-full-spread-with-name-of-parents-column.jpg","c":"1899 Mason County death register with parents' names","w":"A full spread of the 1899 Mason County death register, from the rare years when West Virginia's death books actually wrote down a dead person's parents."},{"u":"img/h-roush-43b-george-nease-parents-samuel-and-catherine-nease-born-21-nov-1820-farmer-informant-nancy-nease-wife.jpg","c":"George Nease's 1899 death record, parents named","w":"George Nease's 1899 death record names his parents as Samuel and Catherine Nease and gives his birth date as 21 November 1820, opening up another generation of the family."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"125":{"n":"Nancy (Roush) Nease","d":"16 Feb 1832 – 21 Jul 1913; dau. of Anthony Roush × Elizabeth Rickard (book-only)","g":"part","x":"⭐ ADDED at PROBABLE, 8 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [ROUSH-61/-VERDICT]. The book’s Nancy Roush b. 16 Feb 1832 = the census wife (18 in 1850, b.~1832) = the informant “Nancie Nease, WIFE” on George’s 1899 death register [ROUSH-43/44]. Her maiden name ROUSH and parents (Anthony × Elizabeth Rickard) rest on the book alone — and open a possible SECOND patriot Roush line (Henry Sr. ?= DAR A098977) [ROUSH-61].
Outstanding: the unopened “Nancy (1913, ×2)” death-index entries [ROUSH-42] — the cheap decisive test; the Anthony Roush rung; Bertha married back into her grandmother’s family — narrative flagged.
","s":"Nancy Roush Nease was born on 16 February 1832 and died on 21 July 1913. She is believed to have been the daughter of Anthony Roush and Elizabeth Rickard, and she married George Nease. She appears consistently across the 1850 census, as an eighteen-year-old wife, and again as the informant \"Nancie Nease, wife\" on George's own 1899 death record, though her parentage still rests on a single genealogical source.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/h-roush-42a-wv-register-of-deaths-mason-co-p356-no26-levi-a-nease-d-27-dec-1905-aged-66-graham-district-farmer.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/roush-roush-43a-wv-register-of-deaths-mason-co-1899-pp404-405-full-spread-with-name-of-parents-column.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/h-roush-43b-george-nease-parents-samuel-and-catherine-nease-born-21-nov-1820-farmer-informant-nancy-nease-wife.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"248":{"n":"George Nease's father","d":"recorded as Samuel, and as Emanuel — the records conflict","g":"gap","x":"KNOWN UNKNOWN. Lewis J. Nease’s 1917 death register entry leaves both parent columns as ditto marks running down from “not given.”
⭐ There is a documented candidate pool, not a blank. The 1850 census of Mason County has EMANUEL NEASE (b. c.1792, Virginia), farmer, and CATHARINE (b. c.1797, Virginia), and the 1899 county death register names “Emanuel & Catharine Nease” as the parents of George Nease (b. 21 Nov 1820) [ROUSH-45/46/48]. Their sons George and Levi A. are documented brothers. Lewis belongs somewhere in that family; which man was his father is not established.
Outstanding: Emanuel Nease’s estate, Mason Co., 1850s. A Nease marriage return of c.1853 — Mason County returns of that period do name both parties’ parents.
RELOCATED from mislabeled node 126, 8 Aug 2026 (self-correction #22) — these are GEORGE’s parents (Lewis’s grandparents). ⚠ George’s 1899 death-register zoom reads parents “SAMUEL and CATHERINE NEASE” [ROUSH-43b]; the 1850 candidate household is EMANUEL Nease 58 & Catharine 53, next door to Jacob M. Roush [ROUSH-46]. Samuel-vs-Emanuel unresolved.
","s":"The identity of George Nease's father is not settled; two records disagree on his name, one giving Samuel and another Emanuel Nease. A documented Nease couple in the 1850 census of Mason County, Virginia — Emanuel, born about 1792, and Catharine, born about 1797, both in Virginia — is recorded elsewhere as the parents of George Nease, born 21 November 1820, but which record is correct has not yet been determined.
","gl":"Known unknown — the person existed; the name does not survive","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/roush-roush-43a-wv-register-of-deaths-mason-co-1899-pp404-405-full-spread-with-name-of-parents-column.jpg","c":"1899 Mason County death register with parents' names","w":"A full spread of the 1899 Mason County death register, from the rare years when West Virginia's death books actually wrote down a dead person's parents."},{"u":"img/h-roush-43b-george-nease-parents-samuel-and-catherine-nease-born-21-nov-1820-farmer-informant-nancy-nease-wife.jpg","c":"George Nease's 1899 death record, parents named","w":"George Nease's 1899 death record names his parents as Samuel and Catherine Nease and gives his birth date as 21 November 1820, opening up another generation of the family."},{"u":"img/roush-roush-46a-1850-census-mason-co-va-dw676-emanuel-nease-58-and-catharine-53-next-door-to-jacob-m-roush.jpg","c":"1850 census — Emanuel and Catharine Nease's household","w":"The 1850 census shows Emanuel and Catharine Nease living right next door to a Roush family in Mason County, Virginia, neighbors who would later become in-laws."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"249":{"n":"Catharine Nease","d":"b. about 1793–97 in Virginia","g":"gap","x":"RELOCATED from mislabeled node 127, 8 Aug 2026 (self-correction #22). “Catherine/Catharine” agrees across George’s 1899 register [ROUSH-43b] and the 1850 census [ROUSH-46]; surname and identity not established; the 1870 “Catharine Neas, 74” of Graham District [ROUSH-50] is the same candidate pool.
","s":"Catharine Nease was born about 1793 to 1797 in Virginia. She is named as George Nease's mother in more than one record, alongside a father recorded inconsistently as either Samuel or Emanuel Nease, but her own maiden name and identity have not been established.
","gl":"Known unknown — the person existed; the name does not survive","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/roush-roush-43a-wv-register-of-deaths-mason-co-1899-pp404-405-full-spread-with-name-of-parents-column.jpg","c":"1899 Mason County death register with parents' names","w":"A full spread of the 1899 Mason County death register, from the rare years when West Virginia's death books actually wrote down a dead person's parents."},{"u":"img/h-roush-43b-george-nease-parents-samuel-and-catherine-nease-born-21-nov-1820-farmer-informant-nancy-nease-wife.jpg","c":"George Nease's 1899 death record, parents named","w":"George Nease's 1899 death record names his parents as Samuel and Catherine Nease and gives his birth date as 21 November 1820, opening up another generation of the family."},{"u":"img/roush-roush-46a-1850-census-mason-co-va-dw676-emanuel-nease-58-and-catharine-53-next-door-to-jacob-m-roush.jpg","c":"1850 census — Emanuel and Catharine Nease's household","w":"The 1850 census shows Emanuel and Catharine Nease living right next door to a Roush family in Mason County, Virginia, neighbors who would later become in-laws."},{"u":"img/roush-roush-50a-1870-census-graham-dist-p13-hh88-nease-james-18-works-on-farm-and-hh89-nease-catharine-74.jpg","c":"1870 census, Graham District — Catharine Nease's household","w":"The 1870 census finds eighteen-year-old James Nease still working the family farm beside seventy-four-year-old Catharine Nease, likely his own grandmother."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"250":{"n":"Anthony Roush","d":"23 Jan 1792 Shenandoah Co., VA – bur. Rickard Cem., White Church, Mason Co., WV","g":"part","x":"⭐ ADDED at PROBABLE, 8 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [ROUSH-64/-VERDICT]. The 1928 Roush genealogy, two internal threads agreeing: his own entry (printed p.365 — “seventh child of Henry Roush and wife, Dorothy… born… near Solomon’s Church, Jan. 23, 1792, baptized Mar. 18, 1792”) and the minute-book sons table (printed p.61), both carrying sponsor Michael Levermore. Nancy (node 125) is child 11 of his numbered sequence. m.(1) Elizabeth Rickard ~1810, (2) Catherine Hoffman. Heir to a portion of the 6,000-acre Graham District estate. ⚠ The 1812 Gallia deed proves co-location only — its Anthony clause lacks “his son” (verdict-ordered caveat).
Outstanding: Nancy’s 1848 marriage record (father named?); the 1840 household tally; an independent Solomon’s Church register transcription.
","s":"Anthony Roush was born on 23 January 1792 near Solomon's Church in Shenandoah County, Virginia, and is buried at Rickard Cemetery in White Church, Mason County, West Virginia. According to a 1928 family genealogy, he was the seventh child of Henry Roush and his wife Dorothy, and he married first Elizabeth Rickard around 1810 and later Catherine Hoffman. He was an heir to a portion of the family's 6,000-acre Graham District estate, and his daughter Nancy, from his first marriage, was the eleventh of his numbered children.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"251":{"n":"Elizabeth (Rickard) Roush","d":"m. c.1810; “a sister to the Rickard brothers”","g":"part","x":"⭐ ADDED at PROBABLE, 8 Aug 2026 [ROUSH-64/-VERDICT]. First wife of Anthony; mother of the numbered children incl. Nancy (11th, b. 1832). Identity rests on the book alone — no dates, no stone found yet; the Rickard Cemetery at White Church carries the family name.
Outstanding: her vitals; the Rickard family of Mason Co. (a Gen-9 opening).
","s":"Elizabeth Rickard Roush married Anthony Roush around 1810 and was, by family tradition, a sister to the Rickard brothers of the same area. She was the mother of his numbered children, including Nancy, the eleventh, born in 1832. No dates or gravestone for her have yet been found, and her identity currently rests on the family genealogy alone.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"500":{"n":"Henry Roush Sr.","d":"1752 – 26 Oct 1831, Plants Cemetery, Meigs Co., Ohio","g":"part","x":"⭐⭐ ADDED at PROBABLE, 8 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [ROUSH-64/-VERDICT]. Fourth son in the minute-book table (printed pp.60–61); gravestone quoted (“died October 26, 1831, aged 79 years”); Revolutionary service certified: private, Capt. John Tipton’s Co., paid off at Romney, 88 days, receipt 25 Oct 1775 (Virginia State Library certification, 1926, quoted in full) — plus Jonas’s pension: “served three months for his brother Henry.” Signed the 1793 Solomonburg church deed “HENRICH ROUSH (in German).” ?= DAR A098977 (b. 1752 Frederick Co., d. 26 Oct 1831 Meigs Co. — triple date/place match; DAR page unread). The Anthony link is book-only — hence Probable.
Outstanding: the DAR A098977 page (browser); LVA’s Romney pay-roll manuscript; Bertha descends from TWO patriot Roush lines if this holds.
","s":"Henry Roush Sr. lived from 1752 until 26 October 1831 and was buried at Plants Cemetery, Letart Falls, Meigs County, Ohio, where his gravestone gives his age as 79. He probably served in the Revolutionary War as a private in Captain John Tipton's company, paid off at Romney after eighty-eight days of service, and his brother Jonas's own pension application recalls serving three months as a substitute for him. He is probably the same man recognized by the Daughters of the American Revolution as Patriot Ancestor A098977, though this has not yet been confirmed from the DAR's own record.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t8-dar-a098977-henry-roush-full-record.jpg","c":"DAR patriot record — Henry Roush Sr., Meigs Co. Ohio","w":"A Daughters of the American Revolution record for Henry Roush Sr., a candidate Revolutionary War patriot of Meigs County, Ohio, and his wife Dorothea."}],"fl":["patriot"],"rd":0},"501":{"n":"Dorothea Roush","d":"signed by her mark, 1793; maiden name unknown","g":"part","x":"ADDED at PROBABLE, 8 Aug 2026 [ROUSH-64/-VERDICT]. “Henry Roush and wife, Dorothy” in both book threads; witnessed the 1793 Solomonburg church deed “DOROTHY ROUSH (her mark)” — her husband literate in German, she by mark, same page. Buried beside Henry at Plants Cemetery per the book’s reading of the adjacent marker. Surname unknown (the table’s “(Nease?)” hedge noted and NOT adopted).
Outstanding: her surname; the adjacent Plants Cemetery stone by eye.
","s":"Dorothea, whose surname has not been recovered, was the wife of Henry Roush Sr. She signed a church deed by her mark in 1793, the same document her husband signed in German, and is believed to be buried beside him at Plants Cemetery.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t8-dar-a098977-henry-roush-full-record.jpg","c":"DAR patriot record — Henry Roush Sr., Meigs Co. Ohio","w":"A Daughters of the American Revolution record for Henry Roush Sr., a candidate Revolutionary War patriot of Meigs County, Ohio, and his wife Dorothea."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"290":{"n":"William Pigford Sr.","d":"known in family tradition as “Lost Billie”; will proved March 1803, New Hanover Co., North Carolina","g":"part","x":"⭐ ADDED at PROBABLE, 10 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [BELL-50/-VERDICT]. The shipwrecked orphan of the family tradition — bound by court order to Benj. Fussell, March 1740/41, on Rebecca Perry’s petition — who died a landowner on both banks of Sill’s Creek. His 1801 will (known through the 1967 family book’s transcription, re-verified word-for-word) names nine children incl. “my daughter Elizabeth Aiken” — the record naming node 145’s father in his own words. Probable, not Documented: the will-book image is unread.
Outstanding: the New Hanover will-book image (FS full-text); Sill’s Creek located vs Moores Creek; nclandgrants (AJAX, headed browser).
","s":"William Pigford Sr., remembered in family tradition as \"Lost Billie,\" is believed to have been a shipwrecked orphan who was bound out by court order to Benjamin Fussell in March 1740 or 1741, on the petition of Rebecca Perry. He grew into a landowner on both banks of Sill's Creek in New Hanover County, North Carolina, where he wrote his will on 27 March 1801; it was proved in March 1803. That will named nine children, including \"my daughter Elizabeth Aiken.\" The identification rests on a later transcription of the will rather than the original document itself, so it is probable rather than fully proven.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"291":{"n":"Sarah Pigford","d":"named in her husband's 1801 will; maiden name unknown","g":"part","x":"ADDED at PROBABLE, 10 Aug 2026 [BELL-50/-VERDICT]. “Sarah, my dearly beloved wife” — life estate in the home plantation, executrix. ⚠ The circulating “Sarah FUSSELL” is a KILLED TRAP: Fussell was the master her husband was apprenticed to as a boy (court order 1740/41); the family book states her surname is “beyond the reach of this recorder.”
Outstanding: her surname — a marriage bond if one survives; her death.
10 Aug 2026 [BELL-60]: the 1967 book's whole text swept — NO maiden name exists in it; family tradition (Cevilla, ~1896) styles her “a woman of Dutch descent”; graves unmarked, Penderlea area (Potts Memorial / Old Pigford Cemetery). Tradition, not record.
","s":"Sarah was the wife of William Pigford, named in his 1801 will as \"Sarah, my dearly beloved wife,\" who was left a life estate in the home plantation and named executrix. Her own surname was never recorded; family tradition passed down around 1896 described her only as \"a woman of Dutch descent.\" She and William are believed to lie in unmarked graves in the Penderlea area, near the old Pigford burying ground.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"108":{"n":"Elias Lamb","d":"24 Sep 1814 NC – 31 Aug 1890, Vermillion Co., IN","g":"part","x":"⭐ ADDED at PROBABLE, 10 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed (ok refused — the Elias→Erwin link lives in one publication) [KNOTT-13/-VERDICT]. The 1888 Vermillion mug-book, two entries: his own sketch (b. 24 Sep 1814; parents Joseph & Lydia; m. Susannah Bish 23 Mar 1837; golden wedding 1887) and the children list naming “Azel E., Irvin R.…” — with Erwin’s own sketch (“a son of Elias Lamb”) in the same volume. Left the Friends for the United Brethren by letter, 1841. Death: genealogytrails index, 31 Aug 1890.
Outstanding: the 1870 Wayne Co. household read (the ruled test); his estate file.
","s":"Elias Lamb was born on 24 September 1814 in North Carolina and died on 31 August 1890 in Vermillion County, Indiana. According to an 1888 county history, he was the son of Joseph and Lydia Lamb, married Susannah Bish on 23 March 1837, and celebrated his golden wedding anniversary in 1887. He left the Society of Friends for the United Brethren church in 1841, and his son Erwin's own biographical sketch, printed in the same volume, confirms him as Erwin's father.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"109":{"n":"Susannah (Bish) Lamb","d":"17 Nov 1818 Fairfield Co., OH – aft. 1888; m. 23 Mar 1837","g":"part","x":"ADDED at PROBABLE, 10 Aug 2026 [KNOTT-13/-VERDICT]. The 1888 sketch: daughter of John & Ann Elizabeth Bish, to Wayne Co. 1836; ten children; the 1887 golden wedding “with a large attendance of the old settlers.” Single source.
Outstanding: the 1837 marriage record; her death.
","s":"Susannah Lamb, born Bish, was born on 17 November 1818 in Fairfield County, Ohio, and was still living after 1888. According to the same 1888 county history that names her husband Elias, she was the daughter of John and Ann Elizabeth Bish, moved to Wayne County in 1836, married Elias Lamb on 23 March 1837, and had ten children. The couple's golden wedding anniversary in 1887 was, by that same account, attended by a large gathering of old settlers.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"110":{"n":"Milo Bailey","d":"of Clay Twp., Wayne Co., Indiana; son of John Bailey, d. 1863 aged 72","g":"hyp","x":"ADDED at HYPOTHESIS, 10 Aug 2026 [KNOTT-13/-VERDICT]. The candidate father of Melissa J. Bailey: real and clustered (Young 1872: “Ithamar Lamb, Milo Bailey, and Lewis Strickler live on it”; “his son Milo resides [Clay, 1859]”), and two Lamb brothers married two Bailey women in one 1859–60 season — but NO record names his daughters. ⚠ TRAP: an unrelated Milo LAMB (Thomas Lamb’s NC family) sits in the same county — discriminate in every pull.
Outstanding: the 1850/1860 census household (Melissa in it = tied in; absent = candidacy dies); his own marriage (names node 111).
","s":"Milo Bailey is believed to have lived in Clay Township, Wayne County, Indiana, as the son of John Bailey, who died in 1863 at the age of 72. He appears alongside the Lamb family in an 1872 local history, and two Lamb brothers are known to have married two Bailey women in the same year, 1859 or 1860 — a pattern that makes him a plausible candidate for the father of Melissa J. Bailey. No record has yet been found that names his daughters, so the connection remains unproven.
","gl":"Hypothesis — a candidate, not tied in","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"111":{"n":"Melissa Bailey's mother","d":"name not recorded","g":"gap","x":"KNOWN UNKNOWN [KNOTT-13-VERDICT]. Melissa’s mother existed; no record names her under any candidacy. Milo Bailey’s own marriage record is the recovery path if his candidacy holds.
","s":"The name of Melissa J. Bailey's mother has not survived in any record found so far. If Milo Bailey's candidacy as her father is ever confirmed, his own marriage record would be the most likely place to recover her mother's identity.
","gl":"Known unknown — the person existed; the name does not survive","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"216":{"n":"Joseph Lamb","d":"c.1782 North Carolina – 1855, Wayne Co., IN (æ73)","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐ ADDED at DOCUMENTED, 10 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [KNOTT-13/-VERDICT]: two genuinely independent histories 16 years apart — Young 1872 (“Joseph Lamb, from North Carolina, settled, in 1829, on land adjoining Perry, where he died in 1855, at the age of 73. His children were, Ezekiel, deceased; Esther, Smith, deceased; Elias, Mournen, Joseph, Ithamar”) and the 1888 Elias-informed sketch (“his parents, Joseph and Lydia (Adamson) Lamb, left North Carolina… members of the Society of Friends”) — different informants, different details (Young names the deceased children), converging. County of NC origin NOT stated by either source [self-correction #25].
Outstanding: the 1855 estate file (heirs list; NC county); a Quaker certificate of removal.
10 Aug 2026 [KNOTT-14]: candidate parents lead-grade: Henry (M.) Lamb × Ann Dennis; b. 25 Mar 1782; the 1806 “Lidya Addison” bond (bondsman her brother Samuel) and the 1829 Center MM certificate — all one compiled source pending the minute books.
","s":"Joseph Lamb was born about 1782 in North Carolina and died in 1855 in Wayne County, Indiana, at the age of 73. Two independent nineteenth-century local histories, written sixteen years apart, agree that he settled on land near Perry, Indiana, in 1829, and name his children, including Ezekiel, Esther, Smith, Elias, Mournen, Joseph, and Ithamar. According to one of those accounts, his own parents were Joseph and Lydia Adamson Lamb, and the family were members of the Society of Friends before leaving North Carolina; the particular county of North Carolina they came from is not recorded by either source.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"217":{"n":"Lydia (Adamson) Lamb","d":"d. 1844, Wayne Co., IN","g":"part","x":"ADDED at PROBABLE, 10 Aug 2026 [KNOTT-13/-VERDICT]. Named only by the 1888 sketch (Young 1872 never names Joseph’s wife). Quaker.
Outstanding: a monthly-meeting record; her Adamson family (a Samuel Adamson bought in the same 1832 land list — unexplored).
⚠ 10 Aug 2026 [KNOTT-14]: death-date CONFLICT — 11 Nov 1837, Economy (compiled KaysAncestry) vs 1844 (the 1888 sketch, this node’s source). Unadjudicated. Candidate parents named lead-grade: Enos Adamson × Mary Love (single compiled source; the Center MM minutes are the primary test).
","s":"Lydia Adamson Lamb died in 1844, or possibly in 1837, in Wayne County, Indiana — the records disagree on the year. She is named as Joseph Lamb's wife in an 1888 biographical sketch of their son Elias, though an earlier 1872 history of the same family never mentions her by name. The family were Quakers, and her own Adamson family in the area has not yet been traced.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"218":{"n":"John Bish","d":"of Fairfield Co., OH → Wayne Co., IN 1836; d. “on the old homestead”","g":"part","x":"ADDED at PROBABLE, 10 Aug 2026 [KNOTT-13/-VERDICT] (251-Rickard precedent — a genuine single-source identification with dates/places, not a bare candidate). Ten children; removed to Miami Co. and back.
Outstanding: everything record-side.
","s":"John Bish lived in Fairfield County, Ohio, before moving to Wayne County, Indiana, in 1836, and later removed to Miami County before returning to what is described as \"the old homestead,\" where he died. He and his wife raised ten children. This identification currently rests on a single biographical sketch.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"219":{"n":"Ann Elizabeth Bish","d":"d. Miami Co., IN","g":"part","x":"ADDED at PROBABLE, 10 Aug 2026 [KNOTT-13/-VERDICT]. Same single sketch; maiden name unknown.
","s":"Ann Elizabeth Bish, whose maiden name is not known, died in Miami County, Indiana. She was John Bish's wife, named alongside him in the same single biographical sketch that records their family.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"6156":{"n":"William Davis","d":"c.1617 – 9 Dec 1683 (æ66), Roxbury, Mass.","g":"part","x":"⭐ ADDED at PROBABLE, 10 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed — and the verdict pass recovered the primary record [TUTTLE-73/-VERDICT]: the 1649 Roxbury church admission (printed p.118, read at the image): “John Davis, Samuel Davis, Joseph Davis — Children of William Davis whose wife was admitted…” — naming Samuel as his son in a contemporary document; plus “Samuel Davis dismissed to North-Hampton” (p.91, ~1673). Savage’s William entry concurs (son “Samuel, 21 Feb. 1645”; wives Elizabeth then Alice Thorp; “prob. br. of Tobias”); Savage’s Samuel entry still hedges “perhaps” — with the infant-to-adult bridge resting on elimination, Probable is the honest grade. His second wife’s death: “Alice wife of William Davis who dyed in child birth undelivered” (p.193).
Outstanding: Samuel’s 1690 Hampshire probate (would close the bridge); the 1668-vs-1673 removal/dismissal lag; William’s own 6 Dec 1683 will (mentioned by Savage, unread).
","s":"William Davis lived in Roxbury, Massachusetts, where a 1649 church record names his sons John, Samuel, and Joseph among the children of \"William Davis whose wife was admitted\" to the congregation. His son Samuel was later dismissed from the Roxbury church to Northampton. William Davis had two wives — Elizabeth, and later Alice Thorp, who died in childbirth — and was, according to one genealogist, probably a brother of a man named Tobias. He died 9 December 1683, at about the age of sixty-six.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"12301":{"n":"Elizabeth Peck","d":"emigrated on the Hector, 1637 – d. 5 Dec 1683, visiting her son at Lyme","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐ ADDED at DOCUMENTED, 10 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [TUTTLE-74/-VERDICT]: two independent authorities agreeing TO THE DAY with non-overlapping detail — Darius Peck 1877 (“His wife, Elizabeth, died December 5, 1683… His children were all by his first wife” — the four incl. our John, named in the will) and Savage (“with w. Eliz. and s. Jeremiah, came prob. in the Hector… d. 5 Dec. 1683, on a visit to her s. at Lyme”). Savage’s will-paraphrase shows record access, not folklore. No prior-English-wife hint anywhere.
Outstanding: her maiden name (no source ventures one); the will image (★2) as the family’s record-side seal.
","s":"Elizabeth emigrated from England to New England in 1637, probably aboard the ship Hector, together with her husband, William Peck, and their son Jeremiah. Her children, including a son John, were later named in her husband's will as the children of his first marriage. She died 5 December 1683 while visiting her son at Lyme, Connecticut. Her own maiden name was never recorded by any source consulted.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"12302":{"n":"John Moss","d":"New Haven 1639; Wallingford 1670; d. 1707 “aged 103, perhaps with slight exagg.”","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐ ADDED at DOCUMENTED, 10 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [TUTTLE-74/-VERDICT]: Savage’s full entry (eleven children incl. “Mary, 11 Apr. 1647… Mary m. 3 Nov. 1664, John Peck”) + Jacobus matching the baptism to the day + Davis (“the ancestor of all who bear the name in these parts”). The Sr./Jr. hazard is arithmetically dead: Mary (b. 1647) predates John Jr. (b. 1650). ⚠ The “aged 103” figure roots in Dana’s 1770 centennial sermon (Savage’s own citation) — carry with Savage’s raised eyebrow, not as fact.
Outstanding: his wife (node 12303); the deed method for her name.
","s":"John Moss was in New Haven by 1639 and later moved to Wallingford, Connecticut, by 1670. He and his wife had eleven children baptized between 1640 and 1655, among them Mary, baptized 11 April 1647, who married John Peck in 1664. One later compiler called him \"the ancestor of all who bear the name in these parts.\" He was said to have died in 1707 at the remarkable age of 103, a figure that traces back to a sermon preached decades later and that should be treated with some skepticism rather than taken as fact.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"12303":{"n":"John Moss's wife","d":"name not recorded","g":"gap","x":"KNOWN UNKNOWN, 10 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-74/-VERDICT]. Eleven baptized children 1640–1655 prove her; Savage’s and Davis’s full entries name no wife — an informative silence, read whole. Recovery path: a New Haven/Wallingford conveyance with the “for love and affection to my wife ———” formula.
","s":"The wife of John Moss of New Haven and Wallingford is known only through the eleven children she and her husband had baptized between 1640 and 1655, among them Mary, who married John Peck. Neither of the genealogical authorities consulted for this family named her, and no record has yet supplied her identity — her name simply does not survive.
","gl":"Known unknown — the person existed; the name does not survive","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"961":{"n":"Susannah Roush","d":"d. about 1796, Shenandoah Co., Virginia; maiden name unknown","g":"part","x":"⭐ ADDED at PROBABLE, 10 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [ROUSH-67/-VERDICT]. The immigrant’s wife: named in the 1773 Mill Creek grant recital (“to him and his wife Susannah”); baptismal sponsor 1770 and 5 Jan 1786; and — recovered by the adversary — **“Susannah Roush, widow,” in the Old Pine communicant rolls 1788–1796, then never again**: d. ~1796, her grave unmarked beside John Adam’s. Maiden name: the tree-circulating “Sehler/Schlern” stays OFF pending any source. One ultimate source (the 1928 book) = Probable.
Outstanding: the 1773 grant IMAGE (LVA, browser); her maiden name; the Old Pine register independent transcription.
","s":"Susannah was the wife of John Adam Roush, the immigrant. She is named in the recital of an original land grant of 1773 on Mill Creek, \"to him and his wife Susannah,\" and appears as a baptismal sponsor at their church in 1770 and 1786. She probably died around 1796 in Shenandoah County, Virginia, and lies in an unmarked grave at Old Pine Church; her own maiden name has not been recovered.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"965":{"n":"Susannah Roush","d":"d. about 1796, Shenandoah Co., Virginia; maiden name unknown","g":"part","x":"⭐ ADDED at PROBABLE, 10 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [ROUSH-67/-VERDICT]. The immigrant’s wife: named in the 1773 Mill Creek grant recital (“to him and his wife Susannah”); baptismal sponsor 1770 and 5 Jan 1786; and — recovered by the adversary — **“Susannah Roush, widow,” in the Old Pine communicant rolls 1788–1796, then never again**: d. ~1796, her grave unmarked beside John Adam’s. Maiden name: the tree-circulating “Sehler/Schlern” stays OFF pending any source. One ultimate source (the 1928 book) = Probable.
Outstanding: the 1773 grant IMAGE (LVA, browser); her maiden name; the Old Pine register independent transcription.
","s":"Susannah was the wife of John Adam Roush, the immigrant. She is named in the recital of an original land grant of 1773 on Mill Creek, \"to him and his wife Susannah,\" and appears as a baptismal sponsor at their church in 1770 and 1786. She probably died around 1796 in Shenandoah County, Virginia, and lies in an unmarked grave at Old Pine Church; her own maiden name has not been recovered.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"1001":{"n":"Susannah Roush","d":"d. about 1796, Shenandoah Co., Virginia; maiden name unknown","g":"part","x":"⭐ ADDED at PROBABLE, 10 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [ROUSH-67/-VERDICT]. The immigrant’s wife: named in the 1773 Mill Creek grant recital (“to him and his wife Susannah”); baptismal sponsor 1770 and 5 Jan 1786; and — recovered by the adversary — **“Susannah Roush, widow,” in the Old Pine communicant rolls 1788–1796, then never again**: d. ~1796, her grave unmarked beside John Adam’s. Maiden name: the tree-circulating “Sehler/Schlern” stays OFF pending any source. One ultimate source (the 1928 book) = Probable.
Outstanding: the 1773 grant IMAGE (LVA, browser); her maiden name; the Old Pine register independent transcription.
","s":"Susannah was the wife of John Adam Roush, the immigrant. She is named in the recital of an original land grant of 1773 on Mill Creek, \"to him and his wife Susannah,\" and appears as a baptismal sponsor at their church in 1770 and 1786. She probably died around 1796 in Shenandoah County, Virginia, and lies in an unmarked grave at Old Pine Church; her own maiden name has not been recovered.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"1000":{"n":"John Adam Roush","d":"1711, the Palatinate – 19 Oct 1786, Shenandoah Co., Virginia","g":"part","x":"⭐ Third pedigree-collapse occurrence (see nodes 960/964), ADDED 10 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [ROUSH-67/-VERDICT]: the line runs to him a third time through HENRY SR. (node 500) — Henry’s own sketch: “HENRY ROUSH, one of the oldest of the children of John and Susannah Roush, was born in 1752” (printed p.377), the same evidence structure the 960/964 verdict accepted. ‘ok’ awaits the 1786 Shenandoah probate, as ever.
","s":"John Adam Roush was born in 1711 in the Palatinate region of Germany and died 19 October 1786 in Shenandoah County, Virginia. He is recognized by the Daughters of the American Revolution as a patriot for furnishing supplies during the Revolutionary War, and he was the immigrant ancestor from whom the American Roush family descends. This line reaches him a third time through his probable son Henry Roush Sr., described in the family's own history as \"one of the oldest of the children of John and Susannah Roush.\" As with the family's other lines back to him, the connection is probable rather than fully proven, and research on him stops at his arrival in America.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":["patriot","immigrant"],"rd":0},"502":{"n":"Elizabeth Rickard's father","d":"Germany → Maryland → Mason Co., (West) Virginia; name not recorded","g":"gap","x":"KNOWN UNKNOWN, 10 Aug 2026 [ROUSH-67/-VERDICT]. Father of the four immigrant brothers — Michael, Jacob, John, Joseph Rickard — and of Elizabeth (node 251) and Susannah: the 1928 compiler printed a literal dash for his name (“She was of the ——— Rickard family,” p.537). Recovery path: the Rickard Cemetery stones, White Church, Mason Co.
","s":"The patriarch of the Rickard family came from Germany by way of Maryland and settled in Mason County, in what later became West Virginia. He was the father of four immigrant brothers — Michael, Jacob, John and Joseph Rickard — as well as of daughters Elizabeth and Susannah, but even the family's own 1928 genealogy could not recover his name, printing only a blank dash in its place.
","gl":"Known unknown — the person existed; the name does not survive","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"503":{"n":"Elizabeth Rickard's mother","d":"name not recorded","g":"gap","x":"KNOWN UNKNOWN, 10 Aug 2026 [ROUSH-67/-VERDICT]. Wholly unnamed in every source read.
","s":"The wife of the Rickard patriarch has not been named in any record found so far, though her existence is implied by the large family she and her husband raised.
","gl":"Known unknown — the person existed; the name does not survive","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"102":{"n":"John Fletcher","d":"b. Pennsylvania (1880) or Indiana (1900) — in conflict","g":"part","x":"ADDED at PROBABLE, 10 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [ALEX-04/07/-VERDICT]. Named as Mary Elizabeth Fletcher’s father on her 1934 Indiana death certificate (informant unidentified — the certificate IMAGE’s informant line is the named next check). One document names the pair; the birthplace conflict (PA vs IN, both Mary’s own census reports) is carried, not resolved.
Outstanding: the certificate image’s informant; a Fletcher × Wallace marriage ~1850–58; no Fletcher marriage exists in Vermillion’s own 1844–61 register (elsewhere-origin reading).
","s":"John Fletcher was probably born either in Pennsylvania or in Indiana — his daughter Mary Elizabeth's census records over the years disagree on which. He was named as her father on her 1934 Indiana death certificate, which is presently the only document connecting the two.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"103":{"n":"Sarah (Wallace) Fletcher","d":"b. Indiana (both censuses)","g":"part","x":"ADDED at PROBABLE, 10 Aug 2026 [ALEX-04/07/-VERDICT]. Same single certificate. The Vermillion “Wallace pioneer cluster” remains a surname-only lead — hers, not William Alexander’s (the earlier mix-up corrected in ALEX-07).
","s":"Sarah Fletcher, born Wallace, was recorded as being born in Indiana. She was probably the wife of John Fletcher and the mother of Mary Elizabeth Fletcher, named alongside him on Mary Elizabeth's 1934 death certificate. A cluster of pioneer Wallace families in Vermillion County, Indiana, may be connected to her, though this remains an unproven lead.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"6157":{"n":"Elizabeth Davis","d":"admitted to the Roxbury church 1647×49 – d. 4 May 1658","g":"part","x":"⭐ ADDED at PROBABLE, 10 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [TUTTLE-73/77]. William Davis’s first wife and — by a tight cross-page inference — Samuel’s mother: her own church admission (printed p.86, bracketed 1647–early 1649) precedes the Oct 1649 ordinance (“Children of William Davis whose wife was admitted & so brought her children…”); Savage: “His w. Eliz. d. or was bur. 4 May 1658”; Alice Thorp only from 1658/1663. The ordinance never NAMES her — hence Probable.
Outstanding: the Roxbury BIRTHS register (mother named on the 1643/1645/1649 entries = the path to ok).
","s":"Elizabeth was William Davis's first wife, admitted to the Roxbury church between 1647 and early 1649, shortly before a church ordinance recorded that her husband's children had been brought into the congregation through her admission. She is understood, by the timing of that record, to have been the mother of Samuel Davis, though the ordinance itself does not name her directly. She died, or was buried, on 4 May 1658.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"962":{"n":"Michael Zerckel (Zerkel/Zirkle)","d":"of Shenandoah Co., VA; fourteen children; son of Ludwig Zerkel (lead)","g":"part","x":"⭐ ADDED at PROBABLE, 10 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [ROUSH-68/-VERDICT]: three in-book threads name his daughter Catharine as George Roush’s wife — and the adversary’s arithmetic proved her the OLDEST of his fourteen (b. ~1760–62; a married sponsor by Oct 1780; the cited “youngest child” passage is the compiler’s own slip = self-correction #28). Children incl. Mary (m. Henry Nease 1791 — another strand of the braid), Michael Jr. (b. 15 Apr 1772), Henry (→ Mason Co.). Single ultimate source = Probable.
Outstanding: the Old Pine/Solomon’s register (record-level baptisms); the Ludwig Zerkel generation (lead only); DAR GRS Zerkel search.
","s":"Michael Zerckel, whose name also appears as Zerkel or Zirkle, lived in Shenandoah County, Virginia, and was the father of fourteen children. Among them was Catharine, probably the eldest of the fourteen and probably the woman who became George Roush's wife. He is believed to have been a son of a man named Ludwig Zerkel, though that generation is only a lead so far. Another daughter, Mary, married Henry Nease in 1791, drawing the Zerkel family into a further branch of the wider family tree.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"963":{"n":"Catharine Zerckel","d":"wife of Michael Zerckel; her given name rests on a single source","g":"part","x":"ADDED at PROBABLE, 10 Aug 2026 [ROUSH-68/-VERDICT]. ⚠ Her given name “Catharine” rests solely on the p.663 passage that contains the proven birth-order error beside it, amid a mother/daughter name echo — carried, flagged, unresolved.
Outstanding: her name confirmed from any second thread; her own family.
","s":"Catharine was the wife of Michael Zerckel. Her given name, Catharine, rests on a single source and is carried at reduced confidence, pending confirmation from an independent record; her own family has not yet been traced.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"966":{"n":"Barbara Fox's father","d":"of the Fox family near Forestville, Shenandoah Co., about 1785; name not recorded","g":"gap","x":"KNOWN UNKNOWN, 10 Aug 2026 [ROUSH-68/-VERDICT]. The 1928 book’s own confession: “Little is known of the Fox family at this early date. The first Federal Census shows them to have been a prominent family.” ⚠ Two-Fox-brides hazard on file (Jacob Roush’s hedged “Catharine Fox”) — no sisterhood assumed.
Outstanding: Shenandoah 1780s tax lists, Forestville district (LVA, browser); DAR GRS Fox search.
","s":"Barbara Fox's father belonged to a Fox family described in the 1928 family genealogy as \"prominent,\" living near Forestville in Shenandoah County, Virginia, around 1785 — the first federal census found them among the leading families of the area — but his own name did not survive.
","gl":"Known unknown — the person existed; the name does not survive","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"967":{"n":"Barbara Fox's mother","d":"name not recorded","g":"gap","x":"KNOWN UNKNOWN, 10 Aug 2026 [ROUSH-68/-VERDICT].
","s":"Barbara Fox's mother has not been named in any record found so far.
","gl":"Known unknown — the person existed; the name does not survive","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"6164":{"n":"John Catlin","d":"of Wethersfield; estate appraised 17 July 1644; his given name is unsettled","g":"part","x":"ADDED at PROBABLE, 10 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [TUTTLE-78/-VERDICT]. Isabel’s first husband and John-of-Deerfield’s father. Sheldon’s entry 1 names him “John” with the 1644 estate appraisal; Savage twice disclaims the given name (“The bapt. name of her first h. is unkn.”) — a genuine identification conflict = Probable by definition.
Outstanding: the Wethersfield 1644 estate record itself (would settle the name); Savage-vs-Sheldon adjudication.
","s":"The first husband of Isabel, and father of John Catlin who later settled at Deerfield, was a man of Wethersfield, Connecticut, whose estate was appraised at £69 on 17 July 1644. His given name is not settled: one genealogist records it as John, while another states plainly that the baptismal name of Isabel's first husband is unknown. The uncertainty concerns his identity, not his place in the family — he remains Isabel's husband and the elder generation behind John Catlin of Deerfield regardless of what he was called.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"6165":{"n":"Isabel Catlin","d":"m.(2) James Northam; m.(3) Joseph Baldwin; d. 8 Dec 1676, Hadley","g":"part","x":"⭐ ADDED at PROBABLE, 10 Aug 2026 (ok refused on shared-source evidence) [TUTTLE-78/-VERDICT]. The thrice-married matriarch: Savage independently states her as John-of-Deerfield’s mother; Sheldon and the 1881 Baldwin Genealogy agree on her chain to the day AND word — likely one source absorbed. “Prob. sister of Lawrence Ward of New Haven, Branford… and Newark” (Sheldon) — the Newark thread is her BROTHER’s, untangling the old anachronism. Her son married her third husband’s daughter — the families interlock twice.
Outstanding: the Northam death-date conflict (1660/1662); Hampshire probate for the independent-date test (path back to ok).
","s":"Isabel married three times. Her first husband, a Catlin of Wethersfield, died by 1644, leaving her with a son, John, who later settled at Deerfield; she then married James Northam, who died in either 1660 or 1662, the sources disagreeing; and she married a third time, to Joseph Baldwin of Milford and Hadley. She was probably the sister of Lawrence Ward, of New Haven, Branford, and Newark. She died 8 December 1676 at Hadley. In a striking turn, her son John Catlin later married Mary Baldwin, the daughter of Isabel's own third husband — so the two families were connected in two directions within a single generation.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"6166":{"n":"Joseph Baldwin","d":"Milford, Conn. 1639 → Hadley c.1663; d. 2 Nov 1684; will 20 Dec 1680, proved Northampton","g":"part","x":"ADDED at PROBABLE, 10 Aug 2026 (ok refused — the two compilations are one source-lineage on these details) [TUTTLE-78/-VERDICT]. First settler of Milford; freeman at Hadley 1666; three wives (Hannah; Isabel; Elizabeth (Hitchcock) Warriner). THE IMMIGRANT — the English case (Richard of Cholesbury’s 1633 will naming the three brothers) noted, not chased.
Outstanding: his 1684 Hampshire probate file (the path back to ok for him AND Isabel).
","s":"Joseph Baldwin was among the first settlers of Milford, Connecticut, in 1639, and later removed to Hadley, Massachusetts, about 1663, becoming a freeman there in 1666. He married three times — first Hannah, then Isabel, and finally Elizabeth (Hitchcock) Warriner. He died 2 November 1684; his will was drawn 20 December 1680 and proved at Northampton. As the immigrant generation of this family, his English background — a case has been made connecting him to a Cholesbury, Buckinghamshire family — was noted but deliberately not pursued; the family's American story begins with him.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":["immigrant"],"rd":0},"6167":{"n":"Hannah Baldwin","d":"joined the Milford church 23 June 1644, the day her first four children were baptized","g":"part","x":"ADDED at PROBABLE, 10 Aug 2026 [TUTTLE-78/-VERDICT]. Joseph’s first wife and Mary Baldwin’s mother: “Joseph’s wife Hannah joined the Church June 23, 1644, and their first four children were then baptized” — Mary’s charted baptism is that very day. Single source for her name.
Outstanding: her death (before Joseph’s ~1660s remarriage); her own family.
","s":"Hannah was the first wife of Joseph Baldwin of Milford, Connecticut. She joined the Milford church on 23 June 1644, the same day their first four children were baptized — among them Mary, whose own baptism is dated to that day. Little else of her own life survives; her name comes from a single source, and no record of her death has been found.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"74":{"n":"William Payne","d":"b. about 1791 in Virginia; possibly a Parrish","g":"hyp","x":"ADDED at HYPOTHESIS, 10 Aug 2026, at the adversary’s own sanctioned framing [BELL-55/-VERDICT]. Sarah Hudson Payne, 8, verifiably sat in his 1850 household (ark 1:1:M4LD-SDZ) — with four orphaned NC-born Eakens boys and the MS-born younger children incl. “Origon P” and “Joel P.” Paternity contested: the “P”-marker reading makes him her father; the unbroken-ditto reading makes him her STEPfather (her blood father an unidentified Eakens, Mary’s first husband). ⚠ Ann J carries no “P” — the inconsistency that capped this at hyp.
Outstanding: the census IMAGE (re-written vs dittoed surname at Sarah’s line); the Lauderdale probate case files (the decider); “Parrish”/“Jr.” = tree labels, unverified.
","s":"William Payne — possibly a Parrish — is believed to have been born about 1791 in Virginia. In 1850 he headed a blended household in Lauderdale County, Mississippi, that included young Sarah Hudson Payne, four orphaned boys born in North Carolina with the Eakens surname, and several Mississippi-born children. Whether he was Sarah's father or her stepfather is not yet settled, so his place in the family is recorded as a candidate rather than a certainty.
","gl":"Hypothesis — a candidate, not tied in","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"75":{"n":"Mary Payne","d":"b. about 1820 in North Carolina; maiden name unknown","g":"hyp","x":"ADDED at HYPOTHESIS, 10 Aug 2026 [BELL-55/-VERDICT]. The 30-year-old wife of the 1850 household; chronologically clean as Sarah’s mother (aged 22 at her birth) under EITHER paternity reading — as William’s wife or as the widowed Mrs. Eakens who remarried him. The Lauderdale index verifiably names a “Payne, Mrs. Mary, admx.” on the Eakens estate file #14.
Outstanding: her own surname-history (Eakens first?); the case files.
","s":"Mary, whose surname is not known, is believed to have been born about 1820 in North Carolina. She appears as the thirty-year-old wife in the 1850 Payne household in Lauderdale County, Mississippi, and, under either reading of that household, was old enough to have been Sarah Hudson Payne's mother. A Lauderdale County record names a \"Mrs. Mary Payne\" as administratrix of an Eakens estate, which may reflect an earlier marriage before she was Mrs. Payne, though this is not yet resolved.
","gl":"Hypothesis — a candidate, not tied in","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"320":{"n":"Moore Stephens's father","d":"of Orange Co., North Carolina by 1817; family removed to Greene Co., Alabama, 1819×1824; name not recorded","g":"gap","x":"KNOWN UNKNOWN, 10 Aug 2026, adversary-confirmed [STEPHENS-31/-VERDICT]. The ten equal heirs of 1846 — Moore among five sons, with three daughters’ own marriage records cross-confirming the birth-surname — prove a Stephens father under EITHER reading of Mary Thorn (mother or sister of the ten): the inference is independent of node 321’s open question. Candidate pool mapped: the lone “STEPHENS, John” of the 1779 rump-Orange tax list (the right generation); the 1755 pair David & William; the Caswell cluster held as texture only.
Outstanding: the Chilton deed-blog Stephens sweep 1790–1825 (a patriarch deeding to the five sons = named in one document); the un-OCR’d 1800 Orange census reel; the Caswell will books past their truncation points.
","s":"The father of a large family of Stephens children lived in Orange County, North Carolina, by 1817, before the family moved to Greene County, Alabama, sometime between 1819 and 1824. Ten of his children shared equally in an estate settled in 1846, proving that such a man existed and headed this family, but his own name has not survived in any record found so far.
","gl":"Known unknown — the person existed; the name does not survive","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"162":{"n":"Daniel Jones","d":"b. ~1806 North Carolina; d. by Dec 1869, Sumter Co., Alabama","g":"part","x":"PROBABLE, adversary-confirmed 10 Aug 2026 [STEPHENS-33/-34/-35/-VERDICT]. Father of Sarah Ann Jones (81). The hard link: her sons Caswell, Calvin, John bonded 31 Dec 1869 as his “minor heirs” — per-stirpes inheritance possible only through a lineal predeceased link, their dead mother. Converging web: 1850 household 1216 (Daniel 44 NC · Susan 35 NC · Elizabeth 13 · James 12 · Margaret 10 · Mary 6) TWO DOORS from Henry’s 1214 [STEPHENS-35a]; repeat co-surety with Moore Stephens (160) 1853–54; adult surety by 1839; the lone adult Daniel Jones in 1850 Sumter; the NC POA sibling set (Daniel, Elijah, David, Sarah; brother Joel d. ~1843 Sumter). Sororate: daughter Elizabeth = Henry’s 1854 second wife (inference — age+name+two doors).
Outstanding: the decider — his own 1869 administration/distribution (Probate Records 1868–74 / Estate Case Files; “daughter Sarah, deceased” recital upgrades, different heirs falsify); Henry’s 1860 household (never pulled — Caswell’s maternity primary-check); the Elizabeth-identity document; post-1850/adjacent-county same-name residue.
","s":"Daniel Jones was born about 1806 in North Carolina and died by December 1869 in Sumter County, Alabama. He is believed to have been the father of Sarah Ann Jones, based on the bonding of her sons Caswell, Calvin, and John as his \"minor heirs\" in December 1869 — an inheritance only possible through a lineal, and by then deceased, child. He lived two doors from the Stephens family in the 1850 census and repeatedly stood as co-surety with Moore Stephens in the 1850s, reflecting a close and long-standing connection between the two families.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/stephens-truett-stephens-35a-1850-census-daniel-jones-household-1216-sumter.jpg","c":"1850 census, Sumter County — the Daniel Jones household","w":"The 1850 census household of Daniel Jones in Sumter County, Alabama, whose daughter Elizabeth may have become Henry Stephens's second wife after her sister Sarah died young."},{"u":"img/stephens-truett-stephens-38a-1850census-p334b-families1212-1220.jpg","c":"1850 census page — the Stephens and Jones neighbors","w":"A single 1850 census page from Sumter County, Alabama, where the Stephens and Jones families lived just a few doors apart, neighbors who later became family through marriage."},{"u":"img/stephens-truett-stephens-38c-zoom-1214-1216-henry-caswellmassey-danieljones.jpg","c":"1850 census detail — Henry Stephens and Daniel Jones","w":"A close-up of three neighboring 1850 census households: Henry Stephens, a farmer named Caswell Massey, and Daniel Jones, whose name resurfaced two years later as a Stephens baby's own."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-a4-1850census-sumter-al-p334b-families1212-1220-fullpage.jpg","c":"1850 census, Sumter Co. AL — Henry Stephens and Daniel Jones households","w":"A full page of the 1850 Sumter County, Alabama census listing the households of Henry Stephens and Daniel Jones side by side, near the family's Alabama neighbors."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-a4-1850census-zoom-families1214-1216-henrystephens-danieljones.jpg","c":"1850 census close-up — Henry Stephens and Daniel Jones","w":"A closer look at the 1850 census lines for Henry Stephens and Daniel Jones, neighboring families in Sumter County, Alabama."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"163":{"n":"Susan Jones","d":"b. ~1815 North Carolina; living 1850","g":"hyp","x":"HYPOTHESIS, adversary-graded 10 Aug 2026 [STEPHENS-35-VERDICT]. Daniel’s wife in the 1850 household (35, b. NC). Her maternity of Sarah Ann (b. ~1833) is UNPROVEN — she would have been ~18 at the birth; a prior wife is fully possible. Candidate only.
Outstanding: a marriage record Daniel × Susan (Sumter or NC); her fate after 1850 (the 1860 household); whether the 1838–40 “I Sarah Jones consent” deed [STEPHENS-33] is an elder kinswoman.
","s":"Susan Jones, whose maiden name is not known, was born about 1815 in North Carolina and was living in 1850 as the wife of Daniel Jones. Whether she was the mother of Sarah Ann Jones, who was born around 1833 when Susan would have been only about eighteen, is not established, and Daniel may have had an earlier wife instead. She remains a candidate rather than a confirmed ancestor.
","gl":"Hypothesis — a candidate, not tied in","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/stephens-truett-stephens-35a-1850-census-daniel-jones-household-1216-sumter.jpg","c":"1850 census, Sumter County — the Daniel Jones household","w":"The 1850 census household of Daniel Jones in Sumter County, Alabama, whose daughter Elizabeth may have become Henry Stephens's second wife after her sister Sarah died young."},{"u":"img/stephens-truett-stephens-38a-1850census-p334b-families1212-1220.jpg","c":"1850 census page — the Stephens and Jones neighbors","w":"A single 1850 census page from Sumter County, Alabama, where the Stephens and Jones families lived just a few doors apart, neighbors who later became family through marriage."},{"u":"img/stephens-truett-stephens-38c-zoom-1214-1216-henry-caswellmassey-danieljones.jpg","c":"1850 census detail — Henry Stephens and Daniel Jones","w":"A close-up of three neighboring 1850 census households: Henry Stephens, a farmer named Caswell Massey, and Daniel Jones, whose name resurfaced two years later as a Stephens baby's own."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"78":{"n":"Ben Simmons","d":"b. ~1819 Georgia; living 1880, Cuba, Sumter Co., Alabama","g":"part","x":"PROBABLE, adversary-confirmed 10 Aug 2026 [SWAIN-09/-VERDICT]. Father of node 39 per the 1880 census relationship column (Cuba ED 176, household 11952807 — “Dellon, 16” a stated daughter; image SWAIN-09a). ⚠ Wording required by the verdict: the parent-pair is ROBUST to the open Eugenia-vs-Dillon sister-fork (both are his daughters); the fork itself stays open; this is the FS index reading — the original census leaf not yet pulled. Georgia birth fits the Robert-Simmons-Esq. Georgia-origin cluster (candidate grandfather line, NOT asserted — the estate heir-list is the test).
Outstanding: the Bloebaum 1985 death certificate (the one-stroke resolver); the original 1880 leaf; the Robert Simmons estate heir-list (Book 9-187); the 1870 household (the four elder daughters incl. M.A./Rebecca).
","s":"Ben Simmons was born about 1819 in Georgia and was still living in 1880 in Cuba, Sumter County, Alabama. The 1880 census probably records him as the father of a daughter in his household, though the record leaves some question about exactly which of two sisters that entry describes. His Georgia birth fits with a family of Simmonses known to have come from that state, though the connection to them is not yet established.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/swain-swain-09a-1880-census-ben-simmons-household-cuba-ed176.jpg","c":"1880 census, Cuba, Alabama — the Ben Simmons household","w":"The 1880 census lists Ben and Adline Simmons's children by name, including sixteen-year-old Dillon, confirming her parents even as it raised a new puzzle about her sisters."},{"u":"img/swain-swain-10a-1870-census-benj-a-simons-household-cuba.jpg","c":"1870 census, Cuba, Alabama — the Simmons household","w":"The 1870 census catches the Simmons family a decade earlier, with a six-year-old daughter named Rebecca who researchers believe grew up to become Dillon Simmons."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"79":{"n":"Adeline Simmons","d":"b. ~1829 Alabama; living 1880","g":"part","x":"PROBABLE, adversary-confirmed 10 Aug 2026 [SWAIN-09/-VERDICT]. Mother of node 39 per the same 1880 stated-relationship record; childbearing ~age 20–39, internally consistent, the family’s Mississippi sojourn bracketed ~1850–56 by the children’s birthplaces. Maiden name unknown.
Outstanding: her maiden name (the Ben × Adline marriage record, ~1847–48 AL or MS); same tests as node 78.
","s":"Adeline Simmons was born about 1829 in Alabama and was still living in 1880. She was probably the mother of the same daughter recorded with Ben Simmons in the 1880 census; her childbearing years and the family's brief sojourn in Mississippi in the early 1850s fit together consistently. Her maiden name is not yet known.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/swain-swain-09a-1880-census-ben-simmons-household-cuba-ed176.jpg","c":"1880 census, Cuba, Alabama — the Ben Simmons household","w":"The 1880 census lists Ben and Adline Simmons's children by name, including sixteen-year-old Dillon, confirming her parents even as it raised a new puzzle about her sisters."},{"u":"img/swain-swain-10a-1870-census-benj-a-simons-household-cuba.jpg","c":"1870 census, Cuba, Alabama — the Simmons household","w":"The 1870 census catches the Simmons family a decade earlier, with a six-year-old daughter named Rebecca who researchers believe grew up to become Dillon Simmons."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"582":{"n":"Sarah Pigford's father","d":"of New Hanover or Duplin Co., North Carolina, mid-1700s; name not recorded","g":"gap","x":"KNOWN UNKNOWN, adversary-confirmed 10 Aug 2026 [BELL-57/-VERDICT]. Sarah (291) is documented by the 1801 will's life estate; her family name defeated the family's own 1967 genealogist after a bounded search of BOTH New Hanover and Duplin marriage records — “Her family name continues to be beyond the reach of this recorder.” ⚠ The circulating “Sarah FUSSELL” is a killed trap: Fussell was the master William was apprenticed to, not her family.
Outstanding: Vogt's bride index (TLS-dead to tools — browser); pp. 45–470 of the 1967 book (no search layer — reader); the original 1801 will image.
","s":"Sarah Pigford's father lived in New Hanover or Duplin County, North Carolina, in the mid-eighteenth century, but his name has not survived. Even the family's own genealogist, writing in 1967 after searching the marriage records of both counties, concluded that \"her family name continues to be beyond the reach of this recorder.\"
","gl":"Known unknown — the person existed; the name does not survive","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"583":{"n":"Sarah Pigford's mother","d":"of New Hanover or Duplin Co., North Carolina, mid-1700s; name not recorded","g":"gap","x":"KNOWN UNKNOWN, adversary-confirmed 10 Aug 2026 [BELL-57/-VERDICT]. Same bounded two-county negative as node 582.
","s":"Sarah Pigford's mother likewise lived in New Hanover or Duplin County, North Carolina, in the mid-eighteenth century. Like her husband, her name has not survived in any record found so far.
","gl":"Known unknown — the person existed; the name does not survive","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"58":{"n":"Mathew Chalmers","d":"fl. Orange/East Orange, Essex Co., N.J.; b. Scotland per his daughter's censuses","g":"part","x":"PROBABLE, adversary-confirmed 10 Aug 2026 [FROST-28/-VERDICT]. Father of Katharine (29) per the bride's-parents field of her own 1896 Wayne Co., Mich. marriage register (p. 436, rec. 21032 — image on file, T2 sweep) — first-person, contemporaneous. Corroboration: grandson “Harry BELL Frost” / granddaughter “Katherine KING Frost” carry both grandmothers’ maiden names; daughters Margaret (Jordan) and Sarah Chalmers of East Orange (1932 obit). ⚠ The Paterson/Markinch Chalmers clan is a KILLED same-name trap [FROST-26/28] — do not re-attach.
Outstanding: a second record naming him (the NJ 1866 birth registration — the $10 request, re-targeted to Orange; Essex Co. censuses/directories for the household; the sisters’ marriage records).
","s":"Mathew Chalmers lived in Orange and East Orange, in Essex County, New Jersey, and was, according to his daughters' census records, born in Scotland. He is named as Katharine Chalmers's father in the parents' field of her own 1896 marriage record in Wayne County, Michigan. Two of his grandchildren later carried names echoing their grandparents — a grandson called Harry Bell Frost and a granddaughter called Katherine King Frost — and his other daughters, Margaret Jordan and Sarah Chalmers, are recorded living in East Orange as late as 1932.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t2-mi-marriage-register-1896-wayne-p436-fullpage.jpg","c":"1896 Michigan marriage register — Harry Frost and Katharine Chalmers","w":"The 1896 Michigan marriage register recording Harry Frost's wedding to Katharine Chalmers, and naming both sets of their parents, the single document that decided several open questions at once."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t2-mi-marriage-register-row21032-frost-x-chalmers-zoom.jpg","c":"1896 marriage record close-up, naming both sets of parents","w":"A close-up of the marriage record itself, showing Harry Frost's parents George Frost and Frances W. Bell, and Katharine Chalmers's parents Mathew Chalmers and Ellen King."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"59":{"n":"Ellen (King) Chalmers","d":"fl. Essex Co., N.J.; b. Scotland per her daughter's censuses","g":"part","x":"PROBABLE, adversary-confirmed 10 Aug 2026 [FROST-28/-VERDICT]. Mother of Katharine per the same 1896 register field; the KING surname echoes in granddaughter Katherine King Frost’s name. One document; same tests as node 58.
","s":"Ellen King Chalmers, like her husband Mathew, was born in Scotland according to her daughters' census records, and lived in Essex County, New Jersey. She is named as Katharine Chalmers's mother on Katharine's 1896 marriage record, and her own maiden name, King, echoes on in her granddaughter Katherine King Frost's name.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t2-mi-marriage-register-1896-wayne-p436-fullpage.jpg","c":"1896 Michigan marriage register — Harry Frost and Katharine Chalmers","w":"The 1896 Michigan marriage register recording Harry Frost's wedding to Katharine Chalmers, and naming both sets of their parents, the single document that decided several open questions at once."},{"u":"img/browser-sweeps-2026-08-10-t-t2-mi-marriage-register-row21032-frost-x-chalmers-zoom.jpg","c":"1896 marriage record close-up, naming both sets of parents","w":"A close-up of the marriage record itself, showing Harry Frost's parents George Frost and Frances W. Bell, and Katharine Chalmers's parents Mathew Chalmers and Ellen King."}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"34":{"n":"Henry Bradley","d":"d. before Oct 1891, Barbour Co., Alabama","g":"part","x":"⚠ Downgraded to probable, 12 Aug 2026 [BELL-109, self-correction #50]. The name rests on a transcription of an Alabama death-index entry whose screenshot was misfiled — the image on disk turned out to be a different document entirely, so this has not been verified against the record itself. What IS independently established is that Alice had a father already dead by October 1891 and a sister Katie: a Barbour County court made both girls its wards that autumn, \"the said minors have no father living,\" and Katie’s stated age matches her headstone exactly [BELL-43].
Named as Alice’s father on her own 1956 Alabama death record, and identically on her sister Katie’s of 1924 — two state vital records thirty-two years apart [BELL-108]. He was already dead by October 1891, when a Barbour County court made his daughters Alice (14) and Katie (12) its wards, the record noting the minors had “no father living” [BELL-43].
Outstanding: Re-pull the death-record image before this name is treated as documented. Birth, death and marriage all unknown. He is a name on two daughters’ death records and an absence in a guardianship — which is exactly how a poor man of his generation survives in the record.
","s":"Henry Bradley lived in Barbour County, Alabama, and died before October 1891 — the month a county court appointed a guardian for his daughters Alice, fourteen, and Katie, twelve, recording that the minors had no father living.
Nothing else of him survives. He is a name given by two of his daughters on their own death records, thirty-two years apart, and an absence in a guardianship order. Both girls grew up to marry Bell men, both were widowed, and both were eventually married to the same second husband.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"35":{"n":"Elvira Loveless","d":"fl. 1876–1891, Barbour Co., Alabama","g":"part","x":"⚠ Downgraded to probable, 12 Aug 2026 [BELL-109, self-correction #50]. The name rests on a transcription of an Alabama death-index entry whose screenshot was misfiled — the image on disk turned out to be a different document entirely, so this has not been verified against the record itself. What IS independently established is that Alice had a father already dead by October 1891 and a sister Katie: a Barbour County court made both girls its wards that autumn, \"the said minors have no father living,\" and Katie’s stated age matches her headstone exactly [BELL-43].
Named as Alice’s mother on her 1956 Alabama death record and as Katie’s mother on hers in 1924 — spelled Elvira on one and Elveria on the other, an unusual enough name that the agreement of two independent informants carries weight [BELL-108].
Outstanding: Re-pull the death-record image before this name is treated as documented. No dates, and no marriage record to Henry Bradley. Whether she was living in 1891, when her daughters were made wards of the Barbour County court, is unknown — the order speaks only of the father.
","s":"Elvira Loveless married Henry Bradley in Barbour County, Alabama, and had at least two daughters, Alice and Katie. Whether she was still living in 1891, when a court made both girls its wards, is unknown — the order speaks only of the father.
She is known at all because both her daughters' death records name her, one in 1924 and the other in 1956, and both spell out the same uncommon maiden name.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"64":{"n":"John (F.) Bell","d":"13 Jan 1807 South Carolina – 21 Nov 1890, Barbour Co., Alabama","g":"ok","x":"⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Re-graded probable → documented, 12 Aug 2026 [BELL-132], on adversarial review. The link is carried by four independent instruments: his son William’s 1924 death record naming the father John F. Bell; the 1891 partition, whose guardian-ad-litem notice calls the Farrior children “minor heirs of John Bell deceased” and so records descent rather than mere co-ownership; the 1925 estate dividing per stirpes with John T. Bell’s line in the same generational row as his sister’s; and ⭐ John T. Bell’s own 1915 obituary — “His parents moved to Alabama from DARLINGTON, S.C., about 1830 and settled in the neighborhood where he lived at his death.”
⭐ His farm is named [BELL-129]. In November 1891, the year after he died, his heirs petitioned to sell 604 acres in Barbour County for division — land described as containing “the John Bell homestead and out houses” and “the John Bell old home place.” It went in equal thirds to W. W. Bell, Jno. T. Bell and the five children of a daughter who had married a Farrior. The boundaries name the neighbours, and they explain a good deal: the Daniel Norton land lay to the south, which is why two Bell wives later married a Norton; the old William Beasley place too, and his son William was buried in the Beasley family cemetery.
Head of a Barbour County household in the 1850 census — John Bell, 43, born South Carolina — with his wife Laney, 42, also South Carolina, and children Mary 13, William 11, John 9, Kervin 4 and Laney 2 [BELL-123]. His son William W. Bell’s 1924 death record names his parents as John F. Bell and Viney Bell, sixty-four years later and independently.
Outstanding: ⚠ Probable rather than documented for one specific reason: the step from “John Bell, aged 9” in this household to the John T. Bell who died in 1915 rests on name, age and county, and Barbour County held more than one Bell family. His own dates, his wife’s maiden name, and where in South Carolina he came from are all unknown.
⭐ 13 Aug 2026 [BELL-151] — the 1870 census, never read before, puts him and his son on adjacent lines of one page. Township 10 Range 25, Barbour County, page 183, enumerated 8 August 1870, post office Louisville: John Bell, 63, farmer, born South Carolina, with Laney, 64, and the two grown children still at home, Mary 29 and Archibald 22. ⭐⭐ The very next dwelling is John T. Bell, 27, farmer, with Sarah, 27, and their children John 8, Mack 4, William 2 and Sarah 1 — the four eldest of the eight sons and daughters a probate court would name in 1915. ⭐ And the dwelling before his is Martha Beasley: the 1891 partition bounds the 604 acres “on the south by the old William Beasley place,” and his son William W. Bell would be buried in Beasley Family Cemetery. The neighbour on the schedule is the neighbour in the deed.
⭐ 25 Aug 2026 [BELL-529]: his later life recovered — ALIVE at 72 in the 1880 census (Clayton Beat 7), widowed (so Laney died 1870×1880), declaring both parents born in South Carolina — the necessary condition on node 128, sworn in his own household. On 1 August 1890, aged 83, he divided the home place by deeds of gift — 203⅓ acres each to son Curvin A. and daughter Mary O., reserving “the ownership and comfort of said above described lands during my natural life time” — which is why he has no probate file; died 1890×1900. A second John-and-Lany deed surfaced (to Wm M. Bounds, 1858, acknowledged 1889), and the 1890 deed fixes the home place exactly: “the big gate leading to the house” on the Clayton–Louisville road, Sections 11–14, T.10 R.25.
","s":"John Bell was born about 1807 in South Carolina and had moved to Barbour County, Alabama before 1837, where all of his children were born. The 1850 census finds him at forty-three, farming, with his wife Laney — also South Carolina born — and five children at home.
Two of those children matter to this family: William, aged eleven, who would die a Confederate pensioner in 1924 leaving an estate that scattered across his nieces and nephews; and John, aged nine, who would become John T. Bell and father Thomas Jefferson Bell.
His son’s obituary says he came to Alabama from Darlington, South Carolina, about 1830, and settled in the neighbourhood where the family stayed for the next century. He is the point at which this line leaves Alabama — and Darlington District is where everything before him has to be looked for.
","gl":"Documented — person and parent-link established","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/ensus-barbour-t10r25-p183-john-bell-63-laney-64-mary-29-archibald-22-and-next-dwelling-john-t-bell-27-sarah-27.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/bell-bell-151b-1870census-barbour-page183-full-page-postoffice-louisville-8-aug-1870.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"65":{"n":"Laney Bell","d":"b. about 1806 in South Carolina; died between August 1870 and June 1880, Barbour Co., Alabama","g":"part","x":"⭐⭐ Her name is LANEY, and as of 13 Aug 2026 that is a manuscript reading rather than an index transcription [BELL-149, BELL-151]. Three census images have now been rendered at native resolution and read by eye — 1850 (aged 42), 1860 (53) and 1870 (64) — in three different hands, all writing Laney. ⭐ The 1860 enumerator wrote “Post Office Louisville” in his own header and “S. Carolina” in the birthplace column of the same line: the capital in her name is his L, not his C. ⭐ The FamilySearch index reads her 1870 age as 44; the manuscript reads 64, formed like the 6 in her husband’s 63 on the line above, and that correction has been checked twice.
⭐ She is in the household before the children were born. The 1840 Barbour schedule, whose female columns were unread until now, tallies one female aged 30–40 beside John at 30–40, with one boy and one girl under five — William, born February 1839, and Mary. ⭐ Her death is dated by record: the household is intact in August 1870 and John Bell is enumerated widowed in June 1880.
⚠ Held at probable on a second adversarial review, 13 Aug 2026 [BELL-151], and the reason is precise. Everything above establishes who she was. Nothing states that she was John T. Bell’s mother in words — the schedules of 1850, 1860 and 1870 carry no relationship column, so four enumerations are one kind of evidence four times over. And the single record in this family that does name a mother — William W. Bell’s 1924 Alabama death record, certificate 4736 — calls her Viney. ⚠ Viney is a clipping of Lavinia; Laney is a clipping of Elaine or Delaney; no one name yields both, so the easy reconciliation does not exist. The live alternative is two wives, and it requires no misreading of anything.
Outstanding: ⭐ She has a grave: Find a Grave memorial 68717758, “Laney Hurst Bell,” died 17 June 1873, BEASLEY FAMILY CEMETERY, Barbour County — the same small burying ground as her son William W. Bell, on the farm that bounded theirs. ⚠ There is no photograph, the entry is contributor-made, and the surname Hurst is a hypothesis only — it is also the mother’s surname on the death record of a different C. A. Bell, so it may be a compiler’s error carried across. It is not on this chart as her name. ⭐ What would settle her: a photograph of the stone; or Alabama certificate 475 of 1915 for John T. Bell, the only document that would name his own mother; or certificate 4736 of 1924, to see whether Viney is the informant’s word or the indexer’s.
","s":"She was born in South Carolina about 1806 and came to Alabama as a young wife. In August 1840 she is a tally mark in a column — one woman aged thirty to forty in John Bell’s house in Barbour County, with a baby boy and a little girl. In 1850 she has a name, Laney, and five children. In 1860 she is fifty-three, and the family is prosperous: her husband returns four thousand dollars in land and ten thousand in personal estate. In 1870 she is sixty-four, keeping house, with her grown daughter Mary and her son Archibald still at home, and her son John T. Bell farming the next place along with a wife and four small children.
Then she is gone. By June 1880 her husband is enumerated as a widower, living with a lodger and a girl of fourteen, his children grown and scattered. A gravestone in the Beasley family’s little burying ground is said to give the date as 17 June 1873, though no one has photographed it.
Fifty-one years after she died, her eldest son’s death certificate called her Viney. Three census-takers had called her Laney. Nobody now alive knows which she answered to.
","gl":"Probable — the IDENTIFICATION or the LINK rests on one source, or is in conflict","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/bell-bell-149a-1860census-barbour-beat11-john-bell-household-lines9-16-tile-render-native-resolution.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/bell-bell-149b-1860census-name-column-john-bell-laney-mary-william-john-archibald-c-laney-m-mccallum.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/bell-bell-149c-1860census-header-postoffice-louisville-the-enumerators-capital-l-control-for-reading-laney.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/9d-1840census-barbour-p75-john-bell-tally-with-column-headers-composited-males-u5-15-20-30-40-females-u5-30-40.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/bell-bell-149e-1850census-barbour-hh955-john-bell-laney-mary-william-john-kervin-laney-tile-render.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/bell-bell-149f-1840census-p75-john-bell-female-columns-with-rules-continuous-mark-in-30-under-40.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/ensus-barbour-t10r25-p183-john-bell-63-laney-64-mary-29-archibald-22-and-next-dwelling-john-t-bell-27-sarah-27.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/bell-bell-151b-1870census-barbour-page183-full-page-postoffice-louisville-8-aug-1870.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"128":{"n":"Archibald \"Archy\" Bell","d":"b. about 1770–1775; d. before 22 October 1839, Sumter District, South Carolina","g":"hyp","x":"⭐⭐ A candidate with a documented life and no document tying him to us. He is graded hypothesis deliberately — but for a narrower reason than this node used to give. ⭐ Archy Bell’s own will names a son JOHN BELL: “the remainder I will & bequeath to my beloved children to be equally divided between them, viz, John Bell, Celey Amoson, Harriett Bell, Martha Bell, William Wesley Bell, and Jane Bell” — verified in the signed original, the clerk’s certified copy and the recorded will book [BELL-430]. ⚠ What is NOT documented is that this son John is OUR John F. Bell of Barbour County, Alabama. The open question is an identification, not a relationship — and a “John Bell Senr” was witnessing deeds in Darlington in 1820, so uniqueness cannot be assumed. What follows is the case, which is now a strong one.
⭐ He left a will [BELL-147]. Made 4 October 1839 and filed at Sumter District on the 22nd, it leaves his wife Margaret the 275-acre plantation for her life or widowhood, then to five children — Benjamin Sumter, Margaret Louisa, Ezekiel Dixon, Hugh McCallum and Columbus Campbell Bell. An 1846 partition establishes that those five are the children of a second marriage. The residue he leaves to six more: ⭐ “John Bell, Celey Amoson, Harriet Bell, Martha Bell, William Wesley Bell, and Jane Bell.”
⭐ That earlier family is dated, and it is dated to the right decade. William Wesley Bell is in the 1850 Darlington census aged 30, born 1820 [BELL-160]. So the six were born roughly 1805×1820 — the window in which John Bell was born, 13 January 1807, and the window of Archibald’s marriage to Martha, who released dower in 1809 and 1817.
⭐⭐ And his household held a boy of exactly the right age, twice [BELL-159]. The 1820 Sumter schedule (page 115, indexed “Arel Bell”) tallies one male aged 10 and under 16 — John was thirteen. The 1830 schedule (page 66, indexed “Achable Bell”) tallies one male aged 20 and under 30 — John was twenty-three, and his family left for Alabama “about 1830.” Archibald himself is 45-and-upwards in 1820 and 50–60 in 1830. ⚠ But the bracket is not exclusive: of the seven Bell households on the 1830 Sumter schedule, the elder John Bell’s (p. 93) also holds an anonymous male 20–30 [BELL-166] — the census cannot choose between the two roofs.
⭐ The neighbours run for twenty-six years. Robert Severance is the household directly below him in 1820, sells him land in 1836, and his estate bounds Archibald’s farm in 1846. William Copeland is on the 1830 page and witnesses the will. The Amosons are on both pages, and a daughter married one of them.
Outstanding — and these are the reasons the grade has not moved [BELL-148, BELL-162]: ⛔ No instrument names John Bell as his son, and none places the will’s John Bell in Alabama. The estate packet was opened in August 2026 and contains no legatee receipts at all. ⛔ Two other Sumter Bell households in 1820 — Thomas Bell, on the line immediately above him, and John Bell — also held a boy of John’s age, and if those men are his brothers then the rivals are his nephews, sharing every neighbour and every migration route. ⛔ And the rival persists: in 1830 the elder John Bell’s household (the probable “John Bell Senr” of the 1839 bond) still holds a male 20–30, while Thomas Bell’s household has vanished from the schedule entirely, leaving his boy unlocated [BELL-166]. ⚠ The Darlington-vs-Sumter question has narrowed sharply: beyond the shared “Archy”/“Archibald” usage and the three surnames that cross the creek with him (Huggins, Chaney, Newman), the February 1839 resurvey of his own home plantation — the Sumter estate tract itself — is headed “South Carolina, DARLINGTON DISTRICT” by the deputy surveyor [BELL-170]. His home paperwork crossed the line; a single instrument equating the two men in words is still wanting. ⚠ The 1820 and 1830 tallies also leak by one boy, which is unexplained. ⭐ And the exclusion now runs one way [BELL-172]: no John Bell of the will’s generation is documentable in Sumter or Darlington District in 1840 or 1850 — the one right-age Sumter candidate resolves to James P. Bell by his own will — so the will’s John left the home districts, and ours is the only located right-age John with any documented tie to them.
⭐ 22 Aug 2026 [BELL-484]: the Darlington Archibald (wife Martha, 1809–1820) and the Sumter Archy (wife Margaret by 7 Oct 1829) are now one man stated in the record — “Archd Bell of the district of Sumpter” buying the Darlington tract on 4 May 1810, and “Archey Bell … Margaret Bell the wife of the within named Archibald Bell” on one 1829 deed. His Boykin land came “sold to said A. Bell by General Cantey” — a purchase, not a descent from William Rasor Bell. He witnessed for Jonathan Newman of Sumter District in 1805 and beside a John Bell Senr in 1820 — association, never kinship. Still no document ties him to W.R.B.’s son Archibald; the estate bundle (Sumter Box 10 Pkg 3) was opened the same week — nine leaves, no division, no receipts [BELL-485].
⭐ [BELL-485]: his own estate packet is found (Sumter Bundle 113 Pkg 15): the original signed will of 4 Oct 1839 names wife Margaret, five younger children (Benjamin Sumter, Margaret Louisa, Ezekiel Dixon [#238 — not “Nixon”], Hugh McCallum, Columbus Campbell) and six older (John, Celey Amoson, Harriett, Martha, William Wesley, Jane) — and no father or brother; the sale bill shows the family buying its household back; J. W. Stuckey was guardian ad litem for the three youngest in 1846–47. William Rasor Bell’s own bundle is nine leaves with no division or receipts, the Ordinary’s books of 1809–39 were never filmed, and Sumter equity 1795–1870 holds no Bell partition — so the document that would tie 128 to 256 is not online anywhere now searched.
⭐⚠ 24 Aug 2026 [BELL-502–503, #229]: Archy is now documented holding and mortgaging (1815, to Zachariah Cantey) the 345-acre Lynches Creek tract whose 1785 survey was laid out for William Rasor Bell — the first document putting him on node 256’s ground — but a seventh adversary pass [BELL-512] kept the link at hypothesis: W.R.B. never owned the tract (a locative recital, not a title — and the recital’s companion word is now settled as HARRISON at the ink, an inherited 1780s adjoiner call, not a plat call [BELL-517]), Archy was a serial open-market buyer, and land never conveyed keeps its dead owner’s name for decades.
⛔ 25 Aug 2026 — the online case is CLOSED at the structure, not the query [BELL-514, BELL-517, BELL-518, BELL-521, BELL-522]: the Kershaw conveyance indexes 1791–1824 hold no Bell of ours in either direction (and Book A only opens in 1791, so 1786×91 is unanswerable there); no suit in five volumes of Sumter judgments 1804–26 ever touched the estate — proven in a record class where the Ordinary demonstrably sued his own administrators; the administrator Charles Williams (“of Georgetown district,” Durant in-laws, a rule-41 defaulting guardian in 1821) is dense in Sumter’s equity record 1819–27 with zero Bell connection; and the fiduciary volumes that would carry the one settling line — a distributee entry naming Archibald — were never filmed by anybody: they are SCDAH’s unfilmed Returns Books L 43049 (1816–1916) and Journals L 43051, paper in Columbia. The decisive documents are now all offline and named; the grade holds where seven adversaries left it.
","s":"Archibald Bell — “Archy” to the clerks who wrote down his name — was born about 1770 to 1775, and if the reconstruction holds he was a son of William Rasor Bell, a planter of Salem in Sumter District who died leaving nine sons and a widow named Mary.
He farmed on both banks of Lynches Creek, the water that divides Sumter District from Darlington. He bought land in Darlington in 1806 and sold a hundred and twenty-seven acres there in 1817, between Bay Branch and Newmans Swamp; he was witnessing deeds across the creek in Sumter as early as 1812. His wife Martha released her dower twice, in 1809 and 1817, before a justice named John Huggins — whose family would later marry into his.
Martha died, and he married Margaret, and had five more children with names that read like a roll-call of his neighbours: Benjamin Sumter, Ezekiel Dixon, Hugh McCallum, Columbus Campbell. He was sued in 1830 for a witness fee. He was still buying land from Robert Severance in 1836, at sixty. He died in the autumn of 1839, weak in body but of sound mind, leaving two hundred and seventy-five acres, a set of blacksmith’s tools, thirteen geese, and a boy named Limus whom he directed to be sold to pay his debts.
Whether the John Bell he named first among his older children is the John Bell who went to Alabama about 1830 is the question this family has not yet answered.
","gl":"Hypothesis — a candidate, not tied in","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/-22oct1839-names-wife-margaret-five-children-and-six-more-incl-john-bell-wills1836-1849-image152-register-p238.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/etail-archybell-will-1839-the-six-residuary-children-john-bell-celey-amoson-harriet-martha-william-wesley-jane.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/bell-bell-147c-archybell-will-1839-page238-readable-reduction.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/l-159a-1820census-sumter-sc-p115-arch-bell-row-with-thos-bell-above-and-robt-soverance-below-and-column-totals.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/ll-bell-159b-1820census-sumter-sc-p115-lower-half-arch-bell-thos-bell-jas-bell-john-and-thos-amoson-ath-newman.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/bell-bell-159c-1830census-sumter-sc-p66-archible-bell-row-composited-with-printed-headers-male-20to30-present.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/bell-bell-159d-1830census-sumter-p66-archible-bell-tally-u5-1-5to10-2-10to15-2-20to30-1-50to60-1.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/bell-bell-159e-1830census-sumter-sc-page66-full-archible-bell-with-william-copeland-and-manuel-amoson.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/30census-sumter-p66-archible-bell-female-columns-with-headers-u5-1-5to10-1-10to15-3-15to20-1-20to30-1-30to40-1.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/-08-13-sumter1830-bell-166a-1830census-sumter-p66-full-render-zachariah-and-henry-bell-bottom-rows-with-totals.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/0-bell-166b-1830census-sumter-p66-5x-corner-swans-15to20-zachariah-male-30to40-henry-male-20to30-totals-9-8-13.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""},{"u":"img/mter1830-bell-166c-1830census-sumter-p66-female-corner-zachariah-f20to30-f30to40-f40to50-f60to70-henry-f20to30.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"129":{"n":"Martha Bell","d":"wife of Archibald Bell by October 1809; living February 1817, Darlington District, South Carolina","g":"hyp","x":"⭐ “Martha Bell, the wife of the above named Archibald Bell” appeared twice before a Darlington District justice of the peace — 17 October 1809 and 24 February 1817 — and, examined privately and separately from her husband as the law required of a married woman, released her dower in land he was selling. In 1809 she made her mark. ⭐ The 1809 record, found 13 Aug 2026 [BELL-150], moves her eight years earlier than this file had her, and closes the gap between her documented marriage and John Bell’s birth in January 1807 to under three years.
⚠ She is the weaker of these two nodes and must be judged separately from her husband [BELL-148, BELL-162]. For Martha to be John Bell’s mother, three things must all hold: that the Darlington Archibald and the Sumter Archy are one man; that Martha was the first of his wives; and that the earlier family in his will is hers.
Outstanding: ⛔ No source anywhere states that Martha was the mother of anybody. ⛔ Every document naming her is a Darlington instrument, while every document of the will and the estate is Sumter — so she depends entirely on a merge that is still undocumented. ⚠ His 1839 will names a wife Margaret, and “children by his second marriage” establishes at least two marriages, not exactly two; a Martha who was wife number two of three, and stepmother rather than mother to the older children, fits every record equally well. ⚠ The 1830 Sumter schedule shows the woman of that house aged 30–40, who would have been only nine to nineteen in 1809 — so she is probably Margaret, and Martha is probably already dead. Her maiden name and her dates are unknown.
⭐ [BELL-484]: Martha living 20 Sept 1820 (dower, Sumter); Margaret is Archibald’s wife by 7 Oct 1829 (dower, Sumter) — the change falls 1820×1829, not c.1830.
","s":"Martha Bell appears twice, briefly. In October 1809, and again in February 1817, her husband Archibald sold land in Darlington District, South Carolina, and each time she came before a justice of the peace — the same man both times, John Huggins — who examined her privately and separately from her husband, as the law required, to be sure a wife was not signing away her dower under his eye. She declared she did it freely and voluntarily, without compulsion, dread or fear of any person whomsoever. In 1809 she made her mark.
That is all we have of her, and whether she was John Bell’s mother is a hypothesis resting on her husband’s.
","gl":"Hypothesis — a candidate, not tied in","ph":[],"ev":[{"u":"img/30census-sumter-p66-archible-bell-female-columns-with-headers-u5-1-5to10-1-10to15-3-15to20-1-20to30-1-30to40-1.jpg","c":"A document from the research file","w":""}],"fl":[],"rd":0},"256":{"n":"William Rasor Bell","d":"planter of Claremont County by 1784, later of Salem, Sumter District; will 26 Dec 1803; d. about 1808–09","g":"hyp","x":"⭐ The one link on this branch that is ASSERTED in a document: his will of 26 December 1803 — “I give & bequeath unto my beloved sons, John Bell, Archibald Bell, Thomas Bell, William Bell, James Bell, Drury Bell, Jesse Bell, Benjamin Bell, & Robert Bell…” — recorded 15 March 1809, executor Moses Gordon, witnesses Lewis Bell, Mary Stuckey and a Douglas [BELL-152, BELL-181]. Wife Mary took a life estate; the land was to be sold at her death or remarriage and divided among the nine sons — that sale, not yet found, would name the whole sibling generation in one instrument.
⭐ His documented life: buying Micajah Stokes’s whole personalty in 1784; settling it on Stokes’s children “for love, good will and affection” in 1787 (the language of kinship); land co-surveyed with Frederick Bell — a documented Revolutionary claimant — on the North Branch of Black River in 1787; co-signing a Darlington-proved deed with Frederick, Mary and John Bell in 1794 [BELL-182].
Outstanding: ⛔ This node is on the chart at Alec’s direction and stands or falls with node 128 — no document yet ties OUR John Bell to Archibald, so everything above Archibald is conditional on that link. ⛔ His own parents are unidentified; the leading frame is the Raccoon Swamp Bell clan of Albemarle Parish, Surry/Sussex Co., Virginia — narrowed hard on 14 Aug 2026: Rev. James Bell’s will (Sussex WB C p.310, proved 15 Oct 1778) was read off the will book and names six children — no William, no Frederick, no Lewis — ELIMINATING the patriarch’s heir-branch [BELL-193]. Hannah Bell’s will (WB B p.153, proved 17 Mar 1768) reveals the two places a father can still hide: an unnamed SON WHO DIED before 1765 (father of grandsons Silvanus & Zadock Bell), and an ABSENT son Benjamin — “provided he comes himself in person” — gone from Virginia by 1765 [BELL-194]. The patriarch’s own 1746 will, read the same day [BELL-196], names FIVE sons — John Jr., Burrell, Benjamin, Balaam, James — no William in the clan’s senior generation; if WRB belongs here it is as an unnamed grandson via BURRELL or BALAAM — the adversary-verified register work [BELL-197, BELL-199] closed John Jr.’s issue at two sons (Sylvanus & John, by PHOEBE STOKES — Micajah’s sister), and found the second dead son: Balaam Bell d. 1755, widow Mary, posthumous daughter Phoebe — his 1745×55 window fits WRB’s birth. Silvanus STOKES Junr witnessed the 1746 will — the Stokes intimacy begins in Virginia, a generation before WRB’s kinship-language settlement on Micajah Stokes’s children. Otherwise the descent runs outside the clan, e.g. Richard Bell of Lawne's Creek, d. 1734, whose sons include a William [BELL-183–185, BELL-191, BELL-196]. ⛔ The “Rasor” name — likely his mother’s or grandmother’s family — has no located source; no Rasor appears in the parish register. ⭐ His own Patriot case is ONE PRINTED INDENT — Book G No. 30, “Issued the 22d. April 1784 To Mr. William Bell for Eleven pounds Eight Shillings and Seven pence Sterling for two Horses impressed for Militia Use in October 1780.” It is the only William Bell indent in South Carolina unattributed to any man, and no DAR or SAR lineage claims it. ⚠ Nothing yet ties its claimant to him rather than to one of at least six other South Carolina William Bells, and the Chester “W:m Bell Sen:r” is not excluded. Frederick’s is now PROBABLE: three indents incl. 50 days at the Siege of Charleston in Capt. John Nelson’s company — a company three pensioners place in the Black River / Salem country of old Camden District [BELL-192, BELL-195].
⭐⭐ Where the case stood after the sweep of 19–20 August 2026 [BELL-382–406]. Book G No. 30 survived three separate attempts to take it off the board in four days and remains unseated and unexcluded. What strengthened: the printed text was transcribed from the surviving counterfoil itself — Wates’s asterisk/dagger marks are a survival map, Book G’s stubs go missing only from No. 251, and No. 30 is unmarked, 220 entries inside the intact run [BELL-385]. The evidence type is pre-approved with an exact precedent: DAR ancestor A008802 carries 46 approved lineages on a single stub-entry citation [BELL-392]. The rival Abbeville claimant is now excluded on his own itemised schedule, and the Chester man’s claims fell from three to two — one of them proved to be William Ball — so £11.8.7 no longer sits between his sums but above both [BELL-395]. What was closed off: no second October-1780 impressment claim exists anywhere in the twelve printed volumes [BELL-384, BELL-391]; his neighbours left six indents between them in 12,242, so no cohort argument can be built [BELL-394]; and the numbered Treasury returns were alphabetical work-batches, never geographic [BELL-396]. Book G No. 30 is cited by nobody in either lineage society, checked against the full source citation of every South Carolina Bell in both [BELL-392].
⭐ And his own paper trail was pushed back and sharpened. There is no South Carolina record of him before 1785, tested across seven name-forms — the apparent 1777/1778 hits are index frames carrying the 1785 judgment roll [BELL-400, BELL-406]. He has two 1785 surveys, not one: 150 acres on Bane Branch, 30 April, and 400 acres on Lynches Creek, 15 June — and both grants issued to Samuel Boykin, who paid the treasury fee, which was the local norm [BELL-400]. ⭐ His own plat survives and is cited to the page — Surveyor-General, Land Plats vol. 9Q p. 383 — and the Surveyor-General’s own index dates it 30 April 1784, a year before the grant’s recital. Volume 9Q is one of six Q-volumes never microfilmed; it is the arbiter of whether his South Carolina floor is 1784 or 1785 [BELL-406]. The Micajah Stokes transaction is four instruments over two days in April 1787, including a gift of land to a seventh child, Drury Stokes, not previously known [BELL-406]. ⚠ Origin, still hypothesis: a royal warrant of January 1773 lays out Duplin County, North Carolina land to Fredrick Bell “on the S. side of Bare Swamp joining his own & W:m Rasor Bells Line” — read at the ink, and it is a Bell, not a Ball. Frederick Bell is documented in Camden District, South Carolina on 8 May 1777 [BELL-404], so the brother’s crossing is proved; William’s is not. ⛔ The survey run on that same warrant fourteen months later names a different neighbour, so his entire North Carolina footprint is one clause in one clerk’s hand [BELL-397, BELL-402].","s":"
He appears in 1784 in Claremont County, already styled “Planter,” buying a neighbour’s entire personalty — an enslaved woman named Ann, the horses, the beds, nineteen cattle — and three years later giving every bit of it back to that neighbour’s children “for love, good will and affection,” which in the language of that century usually means family. He farmed the Black River country beside Frederick Bell and the Newmans, proved deeds across the line in Darlington, and on the day after Christmas 1803, “very sick & weak in body,” divided a plain farmer’s world — a plantation, stock, feather beds, a cow already called his daughter Elizabeth’s — among a wife, two daughters and nine sons, the second of whom was Archibald.
","gl":"Hypothesis — a candidate, not tied in","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"257":{"n":"Mary","d":"widow of William Rasor Bell; living, unremarried, when his will was proved in 1809","g":"hyp","x":"Named in her husband’s will of 26 December 1803 with a life estate in the plantation and stock “for the benefit of my children, if she remains single” [BELL-181]. A “Mary x Bell” signs by mark on the 1794 Darlington-proved family deed [BELL-182] — possibly her, possibly Frederick’s wife.
Outstanding: ⛔ Her maiden name is unproven — the “Mary English” of online trees is an unverified compiled claim [BELL-148] and is not adopted here. ⛔ Her death date — which triggered the sale of the land among the nine sons — is unknown and is itself a research target. ⛔ On the chart at Alec’s direction; stands or falls with node 128.
","s":"","gl":"Hypothesis — a candidate, not tied in","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"512":{"n":"John Bell of Camden District (candidate)","d":"b. probably c.1710–1730 (if Robert Bell of Bertie's son John, b. before c.1717); seated on Bear Swamp, Duplin Co., N.C. by 1762, there 1773; will dated 18 Oct 1786, Camden District, S.C. (abstract only)","g":"hyp","x":"⭐⭐⭐ A named, located candidate — still not tied in (22 Aug 2026). Holcomb’s 1978 abstract of a will dated 18 Oct 1786 names wife Mary, “eldest son Frederick Bell,” William Rasor Bell and “eldest daughter Penelope Stuckey”; the Kershaw General Index to Estates reads “Bell, Jno — Frederick Bell — Adm’r — Apt 6 — Pkg 180” (apartment and package read directly; year cell illegible). Independent support: John Stuckey of Duplin’s wife was Penelope (1779); Lewis Stuckey’s 1792 deed says his property “descended to me from my Grandfather John Bell” and by 1794 he is “now of the County of Salem, South Carolina”; in 1790 there was exactly one Frederick Bell in the state; and a 1787 Claremont deed puts Jacob Hurst beside Frederick [BELL-446–448, 458, 481, 482].
⭐⭐ The family this John probably belongs to is now documented in its own right: Robert Bell of Chowan and Bertie Co., N.C., died intestate 1738; his children signed for their shares — George (“his Eldest Son and heir at Law”), John, Archibald, Penelope — with William Byrd as son-in-law; the family moved to Duplin by 1754 (Archibald “of Duplin County” 1756), and Sampson County was cut out under them in 1784. A literate John Bell Sr of Bear Swamp, seated by 1762, sold to Frederick Bell in 1765, was “Sr” in 1773, and then vanishes from every North Carolina record [BELL-472, 475, 478, 481]. The working hypothesis is that this John is Robert’s son and the 1786 testator.
⛔ Why still hypothesis, not probable: the only text calling William Rasor a son is a 2004 message-board condensation; Holcomb’s own index returns “William Rasor Bell” on p. 5 but refuses “son William Rasor Bell” (adversary, [BELL-458]); and no John Bell or Mary Bell appears anywhere near Frederick in Camden District 1775–90, on ground where the corpus finds Frederick by name seven times [BELL-482]. The Camden probate books for 1786–91 were lost to the Claremont courthouse fire of 1801 [BELL-463–464].
Outstanding: read Holcomb, Camden District Wills and Administrations, printed p. 5 (2017 reprint, ~$20) — does it say son?; then the packet, SCDAH L 49055 Apt 6 Pkg 180. Patriot question: the 1783 Camden petit-juror “Bell, John” is probably the Broad River John [BELL-461–462]; only the engrossed 1783 schedule (SCDAH S 165001) could revive it.
⭐⭐⭐ 23 Aug 2026 — the ladder above hardened dramatically. The originals were read at the ink: Henry Woodnot’s 1718 will names Anne, a widow Ferguson, as Robert Bell’s wife; John Clemet’s 1734/5 will names “his two Sons John Bell and Archiball Bell” — Robert’s son John is documented twice over; John’s Bertie record (patent on Pellmell Pocoson 1739 as “John Bell, Junior”; last land sold Feb 1746/7) stops dead in the exact 1747–49 window the whole kin-group — Bells, Kings, Snells, Herrings — relocated to Duplin, and Archibald pairs with John at both ends (Bertie 1738/1749; the 1766 Duplin witness line). “John of Bertie = Bear Swamp John Sr” is now graded PROBABLE — the adversary’s own kill-tests all passed (no John Bell on any Bertie tax list 1751–63; the ten-year-late witness-oath proof of his last deed; the 1737 “second John” an OCR phantom) and the ruling adversary promoted it 24 Aug [BELL-497–498], with the explicit boundary that the promotion must not leak upward into THIS node’s rung; the Bear-Swamp-John-to-this-testator rung is still the hypothesis this node’s grade rests on [BELL-486–492]. See 00_BELL_LINEAGE.html for the full ladder.
⛔⭐⭐ 24 Aug 2026 [BELL-500] — the abstract’s “son-” prefix was the poster’s, not Holcomb’s. A controlled phrase-oracle over the 1978 volume (two passes, 700+ logged queries [BELL-500, 505]) proves page 5 reads “my eldest son Frederick Bell,” “my eldest daughter Penelope Stuckey,” “wife Mary” — and then TWO formally parallel bare bequests: “to John Bell” and “…sterling to William Rasor Bell” (cash, not land), neither with a kin term — the classic shape of legacies to grandsons or kinsmen; Holcomb’s own 1978 index binds the W. Rasor Bell of p.35 to the man of p.5 (the words “his” and “children,” which the 2004 condensation rests on, occur zero times on the page). The candidacy is not dead — W.R.B. stands in the will as a legatee of unstated relation (son-unstyled, grandson, or kinsman), and the Stuckey and Kershaw-index corroboration hold — but the relationship itself is now known to be UNSTATED in the abstract, and only the original packet can state it. If W.R.B. should prove Frederick’s son, the ladder renumbers — flagged, not adopted.
","s":"If the abstract is right, he is the man who sat on Bear Swamp in Duplin County before the war, sold his plantation to his eldest son in 1765 for £100 and went on living on it, and then — somewhere after January 1773 — followed both his sons four hundred miles south to the Black River country, where he died with a will that named his children in order: Frederick first, then William Rasor, then Penelope, whose own children would carry the name of their “Grandfather John Bell” into the deed books of two states. And if he is who the Bertie papers suggest, his own father could not write — he signed with a big interlocked R B — while John and his brothers all signed their names.
","gl":"Hypothesis — a candidate, not tied in","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0},"513":{"n":"Mary (—) Bell (candidate)","d":"living 18 Oct 1786, Camden District, S.C.","g":"hyp","x":"Named only as “wife Mary” in the abstract of John Bell’s 1786 will. No Mary Bell appears in Camden District 1777–1790 — none as grantor, witness, deponent or head of household — in a corpus that finds Frederick Bell repeatedly on the same ground [BELL-482]; a Mary Bell who witnessed by mark in Salem County in 1788 cannot be told from Frederick’s or William’s wives of the same name [BELL-460]. The Mary Bell whose Sumter estate was administered in 1819 is Jonathan Bell’s widow [BELL-468]. Stands or falls with node 512.
","s":"","gl":"Hypothesis — a candidate, not tied in","ph":[],"ev":[],"fl":[],"rd":0}}